By Cindy Saine
Washington, VOA
25 February 2009
Senator Patrick Leahy
Influential Democratic Senator Patrick Leahy has proposed that an independent "truth commission" be established to investigate alleged abuses of power under the Bush administration. President Barack Obama has reacted cautiously to the suggestion, saying he is more interested in looking forward than backwards.
Several Democratic lawmakers have joined a number of human-rights organizations in calling for an investigation of the Bush administration's counter-terrorism policies. Controversial policies include certain interrogation techniques used at U.S. detention centers in Guantanamo, Iraq and Afghanistan, and the warrant-less wiretapping of U.S. citizens.
Speaking at Georgetown University earlier this month, Senate Judiciary Committee Chairman Patrick Leahy said there was a "dangerous departure from the rule of law" during the Bush administration, and that Congress needs to make sure America gets back on the right track.
"One path to that goal would be a reconciliation process, a truth commission. We could develop and authorize a person, a group of people universally recognized as fair-minded, without any ax to grind [no personal or political interest]. Their straightforward mission would be to find the truth. People would be told to come forward and share their knowledge and experiences, not for purposes of constructing criminal indictments, but to assemble the facts, he said.
Leahy said he envisions the panel modeled after the truth commission in South Africa that investigated the apartheid era, and that immunity from prosecution could be offered to those who cooperate.
"Rather than vengeance, we need a fair-minded pursuit of what actually happened. And sometimes the best way to move forward, is to find out the truth, find out what happened, and we do that to make sure it never happens again," he said.
Leahy has also made clear that Democratic lawmakers who supported questionable Bush administration policies must also be investigated, which may help to explain why not many Democratic lawmakers have been clamoring for the commission.
A 2008 file photo of House Judiciary Committee Chairman John Conyers, D-Mich., on Capitol Hill
One notable exception is House Judiciary Chairman John Conyers, who has called for a National Commission on Presidential War Powers and Civil Liberties, with subpoena power, much like the 9/11 Commission.
Elizabeth Goitien of the Brennan Center for Justice, a public policy institute, agrees that some sort of truth commission could help U.S. credibility.
"Now in order to do that, the commission would have to be set up correctly, I mean it would have to have real teeth and real powers. It would have to have subpoena power, it would have to get cooperation from the government and there would have to be the force of law behind it to make sure that it got cooperation. And it would have to be thorough and unflinching. But I think if a commission were to be set up the right way and to do a good job, then I think "yes", it could demonstrate to the rest of the world that we are very serious about accountability," she said.
Most Republican lawmakers oppose investigating the Bush administration, saying such a probe could compromise counter-terrorism efforts.
Moderate Republican Senator Arlen Specter rejected the idea of truth commissions, saying if every administration started to examine what the previous administration did, there would be no end to it.
President Barack Obama addresses a joint session of Congress in the House Chamber of the Capitol in Washington, 24 Feb 2009
President Obama has not endorsed the truth commission. At a nationally-televised prime-time news conference earlier this month, he was asked about Leahy's proposal, and said he would review it.
"Nobody is above the law, and if there are clear instances of wrongdoing, that people should be prosecuted just like any ordinary citizen. But, that generally speaking, I am more interested in looking forward than I am in looking backwards," he said.
Mr. Obama may fear an investigation could inflame the kind of partisan divisions he has said he wants to avoid. Also the president will likely need Republican support to deal with the economic crisis and challenges such as health care and foreign policy issues.
But a USA Today/Gallup poll this month found that 62 percent of Americans support either a criminal investigation or an independent panel to look into allegations of torture and other abuses of power during the Bush administration.
Des yeux qui font baisser les miens Un rire qui se perd sur sa bouche Voil?le portrait sans retouche De l'homme auquel j'appartiens Quand il me prend dans ses bras Il me parle tout bas Je vois la vie en rose Il me dit des mots d'amour Des mots de tous les jours Et ? me fait quelque chose Il est entr?dans mon coeur Une part de bonheur Dont je connais la cause C'est lui pour moi Moi pour lui dans la vie Il me l'a dit, l'a jur? Pour la vie
Friday, February 27, 2009
Human Rights Report; the US State Department
Below is the Human Rights Report of the US State Department, released on Feb. 25. Amongst dozens of nations, the one of the Republic of Korea is extracted here for your reference. How objectively they were written? I guess that's upto your own judgement. For those, who think they understand Korea, let me hear your voice. (beforethedawn7@gmail.com)
U.S. Department of State
2008 Human Rights Report: Republic of Korea
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
February 25, 2009
The Republic of Korea (Korea or ROK) is a constitutional democracy governed by a president and a unicameral legislature. The country has a population of approximately 48 million. In April the Grand National Party obtained a majority of National Assembly seats in a free and fair election. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces.
The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas. Women, persons with disabilities, and minorities continued to face societal discrimination. Rape, domestic violence, child abuse, and trafficking in persons remained serious problems.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From:
a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life
There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings.
Official figures indicated that hazing was a factor in many of the 321 suicides by military personnel since 2004.
b. Disappearance
There were no reports of politically motivated disappearances.
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
The law prohibits mistreatment of suspects, and officials generally observed this prohibition in practice.
The government continued to investigate incidents of possible abuse under the country's former military regimes. As of November the Commission for the Restoration of Honor and Compensation to Activists of the Democratization Movement had reviewed 11,241 of the 13,348 cases reported since its creation in 2000 and determined that compensation was due in 8,908 of them.
Prison and Detention Center Conditions
Prison and detention center conditions generally met international standards, and the government permitted visits by independent human rights observers.
d. Arbitrary Arrest or Detention
The law prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, and the government generally observed these prohibitions. However, the National Security Law (NSL) grants the authorities broad powers to detain, arrest, and imprison persons who commit acts the government views as intended to endanger the "security of the state." Critics continued to call for reform or abolishment of the law, contending that its provisions did not define prohibited activity clearly. The Ministry of Justice (MOJ) maintained that the courts had established legal precedents for strict interpretation of the law that preclude arbitrary application. The number of NSL investigations and arrests has dropped significantly in recent years.
During the year authorities arrested 16 persons and prosecuted another 27 persons for alleged NSL violations. Of those prosecuted, four were found guilty; the remaining 23 were on trial as of year's end. In August authorities indicted a secondary school teacher on charges of violating the NSL for distributing materials related to the May 1980 Kwangju uprising. At the end of the year he was awaiting trial without physical detention. In another case four members of a nongovernmental organization (NGO) were detained and charged in September with illegal contact with Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) agents and distribution of North Korean press material for the purpose of exalting DPRK leader Kim Jong-il. The NGO claimed the government used falsehoods against the four and filed a defamation claim for damages. At year's end the four were in detention awaiting trial, and the defamation claim had not been settled.
In November 2007 a university professor found guilty of violating the NSL and sentenced in 2006 to two years in prison lost his final appeal.
An Amnesty International (AI) report alleged there were arbitrary arrests of bystanders on at least three occasions during demonstrations against President Lee Myung-bak in Seoul between May and September. Those arrested were detained and released. The Korean National Police Agency (KNPA) stated that police followed the requirements of the law in responding to the demonstrations. The MOJ reported that official investigations had not confirmed any instances of arbitrary arrest as of year's end.
Role of the Police and Security Apparatus
Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the KNPA, and the government has effective mechanisms to investigate and punish abuse and corruption.
AI reported that some riot police dispatched to demonstrations in Seoul between May and September had hidden their name badges or not worn them. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) also reported that some riot police had covered their nametags with black tape and recommended that the KNPA ensure that police nametags are easily visible.
Arrest and Detention
The law requires warrants in cases of arrest, detention, seizure, or search, except if a person is apprehended while committing a criminal act or if a judge is not available and the authorities believe that a suspect may destroy evidence or escape capture if not quickly arrested. In such cases a public prosecutor or judicial police officer must prepare an affidavit of emergency arrest immediately upon apprehension of the suspect. Police may not question for more than six hours persons who voluntarily submit to questioning at police stations. Authorities generally must release an arrested suspect within 20 days unless an indictment is issued. An additional 10 days of detention is allowed in exceptional circumstances.
There is a bail system, but human rights lawyers stated that bail generally was not granted for detainees who were charged with committing serious offenses, might attempt to flee or harm a previous victim, or had no fixed address.
The law provides for the right to representation by an attorney, including during police interrogation. There are no restrictions on access to a lawyer, but the authorities can limit a lawyer's participation in an interrogation if the lawyer obstructs the interrogation or divulges information that impedes an investigation. The courts generally observed a defendant's right to a lawyer. During both detention and arrest periods, an indigent detainee may request that the government provide a lawyer.
Access to family members during detention varies according to the level of crime being investigated. There were no reports of access to legal counsel being denied.
Amnesty
In August the government granted a special amnesty to approximately 342,000 persons. Most were government officials due to receive disciplinary action. Approximately 1,900 of the pardons involved Election Act violations and another 10,000 involved commutation of sentences or probation for persons convicted of other crimes.
e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
The law provides for an independent judiciary, and the government generally respected judicial independence in practice.
Trial Procedures
The law provides defendants with a number of rights in criminal trials, including the presumption of innocence, protection against self-incrimination, the right to a speedy trial, the right of appeal, and freedom from retroactive laws and double jeopardy. Trials are open to the public, but judges may restrict attendance if they believe spectators might disrupt the proceedings. There is a public jury system, but the verdict of the jury is not legally binding. Court-appointed lawyers are provided by the government (at government expense) in cases where defendants cannot afford to provide their own legal counsel. When a person is detained, the initial trial must be completed within six months of arrest. Judges generally allowed considerable scope for examination of witnesses by both the prosecution and defense. Defendants have the right to be present and to consult with an attorney, can confront or question witnesses against them, and can present witnesses and evidence on their behalf. Defendants have access to government-held evidence relevant to their cases. The constitution provides for the right to a fair trial, and an independent judiciary generally enforced this right.
Political Prisoners and Detainees
It was difficult to estimate the number of political prisoners, because it was sometimes unclear whether persons were arrested for exercising the rights of free speech and association or for committing acts of violence or espionage. The NGO Mingahyup reported that as of December, the government had imprisoned 74 persons for their political beliefs and convicted 399 conscientious objectors who failed to report for military service. However, the MOJ stated that there were no cases of incarceration for political beliefs and that the law does not distinguish conscientious objectors from others who do not report for military service.
Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies
There was an independent and impartial judiciary in civil matters, and there were no problems enforcing domestic court orders. Citizens had access to a court to bring lawsuits seeking damages for, or cessation of, a human rights violation.
f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence
The law prohibits such actions, and the government generally respected these prohibitions in practice. Some human rights groups raised concerns about possible government wiretapping abuse. The law establishes broad conditions under which the government may monitor telephone calls, mail, and other forms of communication for up to two months in criminal investigations and four months in national security cases. According to the National Assembly parliamentary audit, there were 1,149 instances of wiretapping in 2007. The National Intelligence Service conducted 87.9 percent of these. Telecommunications companies provided customer information to investigation agencies on 426,453 occasions in 2007.
The government continued to require some released prisoners to report regularly to police in accordance with the Security Surveillance Act. While the Ministry of Unification (MOU) designated precinct-level officers to handle issues brought forth by resettled DPRK refugees, the ministry claimed that there were no reporting requirements for the resettled citizens.
The NSL forbids citizens from listening to North Korean radio in their homes or reading books published in the DPRK if the government determines that the action endangers national security or the basic order of democracy in the country. However, this prohibition was rarely enforced, and the viewing of DPRK satellite telecasts in private homes is legal.
Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
a. Freedom of Speech and Press
The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The independent media were active and expressed a wide variety of views generally without restriction. However, under the NSL the government may limit the expression of ideas that authorities consider Communist or pro-DPRK.
Internet Freedom
The government blocked violent, sexually explicit, and gambling-oriented Web sites and required site operators to rate their site as harmful or not harmful to youth, based on telecommunications laws that ban Internet service providers from offering information considered harmful to youth. The government also continued to block DPRK Web sites.
The law requires identity verification in order to post messages to Web sites with more than 300,000 visitors per day.
According to 2007 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development data, 94.1 percent of households had access to the Internet through broadband connections. In addition to Internet access from home, public Internet rooms were widely available and inexpensive.
Academic Freedom and Cultural Events
There were generally no government restrictions on academic freedom or cultural events.
b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
Freedom of Assembly
The law provides for freedom of assembly, and the government generally respected this right in practice. The law prohibits assemblies that are considered likely to undermine public order and requires police to be notified in advance of demonstrations of all types, including political rallies. The police must notify organizers if they consider an event impermissible under this law; however, police routinely approved demonstrations. The police reportedly banned some protests by groups that had not properly registered or that had been responsible for violent protests in the past.
The KNPA reported that 26 riot police were accused of abuses during the period of the "Candlelight Demonstrations" in Seoul against the administration of President Lee Myung-bak between May and September. An AI report on the demonstrations noted that protesters were mostly peaceful and the police showed "organization and restraint," but it criticized riot police for misusing water cannons and fire extinguishers; exercising excessive and unnecessary force; and kicking and beating protesters, journalists, observers, and medical volunteers with shields and batons. The report also stated that riot police were insufficiently trained in crowd control and dispersion. The NHRC also reported that police occasionally had suppressed demonstrations in an excessive manner, injuring protesters. The KNPA stated that police responded to violent and illegal demonstrations in accordance with the law. Official investigations of allegations of police abuse were ongoing at year's end.
Freedom of Association
The law provides for freedom of association, and the government generally respected this right in practice. Associations operated freely, except those deemed by the government to be seeking to overthrow the government. In December 2007, for example, Jang Min-ho, a foreign citizen and former reporter for the newspaper Joongang Daily, was sentenced to seven years and fined 19 million won (approximately $14,300) for allegedly meeting with DPRK spies. He was serving his sentence as of year's end.
c. Freedom of Religion
The law provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respected this right in practice.
In August tens of thousands of Buddhists protested alleged discrimination by the government. Buddhist leaders denounced a police search of a temple vehicle for fugitive anti-Lee Myung-bak demonstrators and demanded the dismissal of the KNPA commissioner general, who had appeared in a poster promoting a Christian police event. In September President Lee Myung-bak expressed regret that any actions of civil servants had "caused concern within the Buddhist community." The head of the Buddhist Jogye Order accepted an apology from the police commissioner general in November.
Societal Abuses and Discrimination
The small Jewish population consists almost entirely of expatriates. There were no reports of anti-Semitic acts.
For a more detailed discussion, see the 2008 International Religious Freedom Report at www.state.gov/g/drl/irf/rpt.
d. Freedom of Movement, Internally Displaced Persons, Protection of Refugees, and Stateless Persons
Most citizens could move freely throughout the country; however, government officials restricted the movement of certain DPRK defectors by denying them passports. In January the Supreme Court ruled that the denial of a passport to one defector was "unjust." While foreign travel generally was unrestricted, the government must approve travel to the DPRK. In many cases travelers going to the DPRK must receive a briefing from the Ministry of Unification prior to departure. They must demonstrate also that their trip does not have a political purpose and is not undertaken to praise the DPRK or criticize the government. The government cooperated with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees and asylum seekers.
The law does not include provisions for forced exile of its citizens, and the government did not employ it.
Protection of Refugees
The laws provide for the granting of asylum or refugee status in accordance with the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 protocol, and the government has established a system for providing protection to refugees. However, the government routinely did not grant refugee status or asylum. In practice the government generally provided protection against the expulsion or return of refugees to countries where their lives or freedom would be threatened.
Government guidelines provide for offering temporary refuge in the case of a mass influx of asylum seekers and an alternative form of protection--a renewable, short-term permit--to those who meet a broader definition of "refugee." During the year the government recognized 36 asylum applicants as refugees, many more than in past years. However, a complex procedure and long delays in refugee status decision making continued to be problems. At year's end approximately 1,500 applications were pending decisions. Asylum seekers who were recognized as refugees received basic documentation but frequently encountered problems in exercising their rights. Like other foreigners, refugees frequently were subjected to various forms of informal discrimination.
The government continued its longstanding policy of accepting refugees from the DPRK, who are entitled to ROK citizenship. The government resettled 2,809 North Koreans during the year, resulting in 15,057 North Koreans resettled in the country.
Section 3 Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government
The law provides citizens with the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic, free, and fair elections held on the basis of universal suffrage for all citizens 20 years of age or older.
Elections and Political Participation
National Assembly elections held in April were free and fair.
Both the majority and the various minority political parties operated without restriction or outside interference.
In general elections, 50 percent of each party's candidates on the proportional ballot must be women, and 30 percent of each party's geographical candidates are recommended to be women. There were 41 female lawmakers in the 299-seat National Assembly, with three of 18 National Assembly committees chaired by women. Two of 13 Supreme Court justices and two of 15 cabinet ministers were women.
There were no minorities in the National Assembly.
Government Corruption and Transparency
The law provides criminal penalties for official corruption, and the government generally implemented these laws effectively. The Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption stated that the overall "cleanliness level" of the government for 2007 was 8.89 out of 10 points, an improvement from 8.77 in 2006. There were reports of officials receiving bribes and violating election laws. Several National Assembly members were found guilty of taking bribes in exchange for fixing candidate lists for proportional representation seats up for election in April. In November the prosecutor's office announced corruption indictments against 250 officials at state-backed companies, primarily for taking bribes.
By law public servants above a certain rank must register their assets, including how they were accumulated, thereby making their holdings public. Among the anticorruption agencies are the Board of Audit & Inspection and the Public Servants Ethics Committee. In February the Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption, Ombudsman of Korea, and Administrative Appeals Commission were integrated to form the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission.
The country has a Freedom of Information Act; in practice the government granted access for citizens and noncitizens alike, including foreign media.
Section 4 Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights
A wide variety of domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials often were cooperative and responsive to their views.
The NHRC is an independent government body established to protect and promote human rights; however, it has no enforcement powers and its decisions are not binding. The NHRC investigates complaints, issues policy recommendations, and conducts education campaigns. The NHRC largely has enjoyed the government's cooperation, received adequate resources, and been considered effective.
Section 5 Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons
The law forbids discrimination on the basis of gender, religion, disability, social status, and race, and the government generally respected these provisions. However, traditional attitudes limited opportunities for women, persons with disabilities, and ethnic minorities. While courts have jurisdiction to decide discrimination claims, many of these cases were instead handled by the NHRC. During the year 1,380 such cases were brought before the NHRC.
Women
Rape remained a serious problem. Although there is no specific statute that defines spousal rape as illegal, the courts have established a precedent by prosecuting spouses in such cases. The MOJ stated that there were 7,532 reports of rape and 3,581 prosecutions during the year. In 2007 there were 15,325 registered cases of sexual violence, including rape, sexual harassment, and other sexual crimes, according to the Ministry of Gender Equality (MOGE). A study by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs and the Korean Institute of Criminology found that annually 17.9 of every 1,000 women were victims of sexual harassment, rape, or other sexual crimes, but the reporting rate for rape was only 7.1 percent. The penalty for rape is at least three years' limited imprisonment; if a weapon is used or two or more persons commit the rape, punishment ranges from a minimum of five years' to life imprisonment.
Violence against women remained a problem. During the year the MOJ registered 11,048 cases of domestic violence and prosecuted 1,747 cases. According to an MOGE survey, approximately 30 percent of all married women were victims of domestic violence. The law defines domestic violence as a serious crime and enables authorities to order offenders to stay away from victims for up to six months. Offenders can be sentenced to a maximum five years' imprisonment or fined up to seven million won ($5,300). Offenders also may be placed on probation or ordered to see court designated counselors. The law also requires police to respond immediately to reports of domestic violence, and the police generally were responsive.
Prostitution is illegal but widespread. In July police began a crackdown on alleged prostitution-related establishments in multiple areas of Seoul, closing 61 businesses in one district and prosecuting approximately 350 persons without physical detention. The government allows for the prosecution of citizens who pay for sex or commit acts of child sexual exploitation in other countries. The Act on the Prevention of the Sex Trade and Protection of Victims Thereof, which entered into effect in September, further stipulates that the MOGE complete a report every three years on the status of domestic prostitution in addition to the involvement of citizens in sex tourism and the sex trade abroad. NGOs continued to express concern that sex tourism to China and Southeast Asia was becoming more prevalent.
The law obligates companies and organizations to take preventive measures against sexual harassment, but it continued to be a problem. The NHRC received 152 cases of sexual harassment during the year. According to the NHRC, remedies included issuance of a recommendation for redress, conciliation, mutual settlement, and resolution during investigation. The NHRC lacks the authority to impose punitive measures, which must be pursued through the court system.
The family law permits a woman to head a household, recognizes a wife's right to a portion of a couple's property, and allows a woman to maintain contact with her children after a divorce. The law also allows remarried women to change their children's family name to their new husband's name. Women enjoy the same legal rights under the constitution as men.
Women continued to experience economic discrimination in pay for substantially similar work. According to the Korea Institute of Finance, a survey of financial services companies revealed that almost 60 percent of newly created jobs in this sector were filled by women. The portion of entry-level civil service positions that women filled increased from 3.2 percent in 1992 to 49 percent in 2007. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade reported that 67.7 percent of new diplomats were women. The Ministry of Labor (MOL) stated that the employment rate of females between the ages of 15 and 64 had risen approximately 10 percentage points since 1996, from 43.6 percent to 53.1 percent. Nevertheless, relatively few women worked in managerial positions or earned more than a median income, and gender discrimination in the workplace remained a problem. An MOL survey released in April found that 53.9 percent of respondents believed that sexual discrimination within the workplace was a serious problem.
The law penalizes companies found to discriminate against women in hiring and promotions. A company found guilty of practicing sexual discrimination could be fined up to approximately five million won ($3,800) and have its name published in the newspaper. The law also provides for a public fund to support victims in seeking legal redress. Some government agencies' preferential hiring of applicants with military service (nearly always men) reinforced barriers against women, despite a Constitutional Court ruling that such preferential hiring was unconstitutional.
Children
The government demonstrated its commitment to children's rights and welfare through free public education. High quality health care was widely available to children.
From January through June, a total of 2,733 child abuse cases were reported to the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW). The MOGE maintained four centers that provided counseling, treatment, and legal assistance to child victims of sexual violence. In February the government revised the Acts on the Prevention of School Violence and Countermeasures to make sexual violence perpetrated at school subject to criminal prosecution.
The law establishes a maximum sentence of 25 years' imprisonment for the brokerage and sale of the sexual services of persons younger than 19 years of age. It also establishes prison terms for persons convicted of the purchase of sexual services of youth under age 19. The Commission on Youth Protection publicizes the names of those who commit sex offenses against minors. The law provides for prison terms of up to three years or a fine of up to 20 million won ($15,000) for owners of entertainment establishments who hire persons under age 19. The commission's definition of "entertainment establishment" includes facilities such as restaurants and cafes where children are hired illegally as prostitutes.
In July the Constitutional Court overturned a 1987 ban on prenatal gender tests, ruling that a parent's right to know outweighed the risk of male-preference abortion, a practice that the court stated was in decline.
Trafficking in Persons
The law prohibits all forms of trafficking in persons; however, there were reports that persons were trafficked to, from, through, and within the country. Women from Russia, other countries of the former Soviet Union, China, Mongolia, the Philippines, and other Southeast Asian countries were trafficked to the country for sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. They were recruited personally or answered advertisements and were flown to Korea, often with entertainer or tourist visas. In some instances, once these visa recipients arrived in the country, employers illegally held victims' passports. In addition some foreign women recruited for legal and brokered marriages with Korean men ended up in situations of sexual exploitation, debt bondage, and involuntary servitude once married. Korean women were trafficked primarily for sexual exploitation to the United States, sometimes through Canada and Mexico, as well as to other countries, such as Australia and Japan. Relatively small numbers of migrants seeking opportunities in the country were believed to have become victims of trafficking as well, although the MOL Employment Permit System reduced the number of workers trafficked into the country. There were reports that human traffickers exploited ROK passports for the purpose of human trafficking. There was no credible evidence that officials were involved in trafficking.
The law prohibits trafficking for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, including debt bondage, and prescribes up to 10 years' imprisonment. Trafficking for forced labor is criminalized and carries penalties of up to five years' imprisonment. February revisions to the Passport Act allow for restricted issuance or confiscation of passports of persons engaging in illegal activity overseas, including sex trafficking. However, some NGOs believed the laws against sex trafficking were not being enforced to their fullest potential. During the year authorities conducted 220 trafficking investigations and prosecuted in 31 cases, all for sex trafficking. There were no reported prosecutions or convictions of labor trafficking offenses.
The Marriage Brokerage Management Act, which entered into effect in June, regulates both domestic and international marriage brokers and prescribes penalties for dishonest brokers, including sentences of up to three years' imprisonment or fines. There also are laws to protect "foreign brides" in the country and punish fraudulent marriage brokers, but NGOs claimed the laws needed to be strengthened.
The KNPA and the MOJ were principally responsible for enforcing antitrafficking laws. The government worked with the international community on investigations related to trafficking.
The government maintained a network of shelters and programs to assist victims of abuse, including trafficking victims. Victims were also eligible for medical, legal, vocational, and social support services. NGOS with funding from the government provided many of these services. NGOs reported that there was only one counseling center and two shelters in the country dedicated to foreign victims of sex trafficking. The MOJ continued to educate male clients of prostitution to correct distorted views of prostitution. During the year 17,956 individuals participated in the program.
The State Department's annual Trafficking in Persons Report can be found at www.state.gov/g/tip.
Persons with Disabilities
In April the Anti-Discrimination Against and Remedies for Persons with Disabilities Act (DDA) took effect. The DDA adopts a definition of discrimination encompassing direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, and denial of due conveniences, and it establishes penalties for deliberate discrimination of up to three years in prison and 30 million won ($22,600). The government, through the MOHW, initiated a five-year plan to implement a comprehensive set of policies, took measures to make homes barrier free, provided part-time employment, established a task force to introduce a long-term medical care system, and opened a national rehabilitation research center to increase opportunities and access for persons with disabilities. During the year the NHRC received 635 cases of alleged discrimination in areas such as employment, property ownership, and access to educational facilities.
Firms with more than 100 employees are required by law either to hire persons with disabilities or contribute to funds used to promote the employment of persons with disabilities. Nevertheless, the hiring of persons with disabilities remained significantly below target levels.
National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities
The country is racially homogeneous, with no sizable populations of ethnic minorities. Citizenship is based on parentage, not place of birth, and persons must demonstrate their family genealogy as proof of citizenship. Naturalization is a difficult process requiring detailed applications, a long waiting period, and a series of investigations and examinations. Because of the difficulty of establishing Korean citizenship, those not ethnically Korean remained "foreign." Many foreign workers continued to report difficult working conditions.
Other Societal Abuses and Discrimination
Despite cultural respect for the elderly, there were reports of age discrimination in the workplace. In March the government enacted the Age Discrimination in Employment Act to address age discrimination in hiring and employment.
Some observers claimed that persons with HIV/AIDS suffered from severe societal discrimination and social stigma. The law ensures the confidentiality of persons with HIV/AIDS and protects individuals from discrimination. The government supported rehabilitation programs and shelters run by private groups and subsidized medical expenses from the initial diagnosis. The government operated a Web site with HIV/AIDS information and a telephone counseling service.
The law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, but societal discrimination persisted. In November a military court asked the Constitutional Court to rule on the constitutionality of rules prohibiting sexual activity between male military personnel. An opinion had not been rendered by year's end.
Section 6 Worker Rights
a. The Right of Association
The law provides workers with the right to associate freely and allows public servants to organize unions. The government continued to postpone the implementation of the 1997 law that authorizes union pluralism.
The ratio of organized labor in the entire population of wage earners in 2007 was approximately 11 percent, or 1.5 million unionists from a total of 14.7 million workers. The country has two national labor federations--the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU) and the Federation of Korean Trade Unions (FKTU)--and an estimated 1,600 labor unions. The KCTU and the FKTU were affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC). Most of the FKTU's constituent unions maintained affiliations with global union federations.
The government recognized a range of other labor federations, including independent white-collar federations representing hospital workers, journalists, and office workers at construction firms and government research institutes. Labor federations not formally recognized by the MOL generally operated without government interference. AI criticized the MOL for continuing to deny legal recognition to the Seoul-Gyeonggi-Incheon Migrants Trade Union (MTU), even after a high court ruled that the law protecting the right of association applied to migrant laborers. In May the government arrested and deported MTU's President Torna Limbu and Vice President Abdus Sabur for being in "irregular or undocumented status." The ITUC criticized the May arrest and deportation of the two under immigration charges as governmental antiunion repression. Previous MTU leaders also previously were arrested and deported.
By law unions must submit a request for mediation to the Labor Relations Commission before a strike; otherwise, the strike is considered illegal. In most cases the mediation must be completed within 10 days; in the case of essential services, within 15 days. Strikes initiated following this period without majority support from union membership are illegal. Striking is also prohibited in cases in which a dispute has been referred to binding arbitration. Workers employed at major defense corporations subject to the Special Act on the Defense Industry and those working in the areas of electricity generation, water supply, or production of defense products are not allowed to strike. In addition, if striking employees resort to violence, unlawful occupation of premises, or infliction of damage to facilities, their actions are deemed illegal. Strikes not specifically pertaining to labor conditions, including wages, benefits, and working hours, are also illegal. Under the penal code for "obstruction of business," arrest warrants can be issued against union leaders during an illegal strike. Striking workers can be removed by police from the premises and, along with union leaders, prosecuted and sentenced.
On December 5, authorities arrested KCTU President Lee Suk-haeng and charged him with "obstruction of business" in connection with his role organizing a general strike on July 2 to protest plans to resume foreign beef imports. Authorities also charged him with organizing solidarity action in 2007 against a retail company that allegedly subjected its workers to precarious and exploitative employment arrangements. The ITUC criticized his arrest, on warrants issued against him and 10 other KCTU and Korean Metal Workers' Union officials, as violating the government's legal obligations to respect freedom of association.
The law prohibits retribution against workers who conduct a legal strike and allows workers to file complaints of unfair labor practices against employers.
By law unions in enterprises determined to be of "essential public interest"--including railways, utilities, public health, the Bank of Korea, and telecommunications--can be ordered to submit to government-ordered arbitration. Strikes are prohibited for both central and local government officials.
b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
The law provides for the workers' right to collective bargaining and collective action, and workers exercised these rights in practice. The law also empowers workers to file complaints of unfair labor practices against employers who interfere with union organizing or who discriminate against union members. Employers found guilty of unfair practices can be required to reinstate workers fired for union activities. However, forced reinstatement was used infrequently because employers took extra precautions when firing union members. According to the ITUC, employers in some cases levied "obstruction of business" charges against union leaders who were seeking to bargain collectively or engage in regular union activities.
The law permits public servants to organize trade unions and bargain collectively, although it restricts the public service unions from collective bargaining on topics such as policy-making issues and budgetary matters.
The government designated enterprises in the two export processing zones (EPZs) as public interest enterprises. Workers in these enterprises have the rights enjoyed by workers in other sectors, and labor organizations are permitted in the EPZs. However, foreign companies operating in the EPZs are exempt from some labor regulations. For example, foreign-invested enterprises are exempt from provisions that mandate monthly leave, paid holidays, and menstruation leave for women; give preferential treatment to patriots, veterans, and their families; obligate companies with more than 300 persons to recruit persons with disabilities for at least 2 percent of their workforce; encourage companies to reserve 3 percent of their workforce for workers over 55 years of age; and restrict large companies from participating in certain business categories.
c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
The law prohibits forced or compulsory labor, including by children, and there were no reports that such practices occurred.
d. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment
The law protects children from exploitation in the workplace and prohibits forced or compulsory labor, and the government effectively enforced these laws through regular inspections. Child labor was not considered a problem.
The labor standards law prohibits the employment of persons under age 15 without a special employment certificate from the MOL. Because education is compulsory through middle school (approximately age 15), few special employment certificates were issued for full-time employment. To obtain employment, children under age 18 must obtain written approval from either parents or guardians. Employers must limit minors' overtime hours and are prohibited from employing minors at night without special permission from the MOL.
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
The minimum wage is reviewed annually. During the year the minimum wage was 3,770 won (approximately $2.80) per hour. The FKTU and other labor organizations asserted that the existing minimum wage did not meet the basic requirements of urban workers.
Employees of large conglomerates, publicly owned companies, banks, insurance companies with 1,000 or more registered workers, and companies with more than 50 employees work a five-day, 40-hour workweek. Labor laws mandate a 24-hour rest period each week and provide for a flexible hours system, under which employers can require laborers to work up to 48 hours during certain weeks without paying overtime (and 52 with approval from the relevant labor union), so long as average weekly hours for any given two-week period do not exceed 40 hours. If a union agrees to a further loosening of the rules, management may ask employees to work up to 56 regular hours in a given week. Workers may not be required to work more than 12 hours per working day. The labor standards law also provides for a 50 percent higher wage for overtime.
The Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) is responsible for implementing industrial accident prevention activities. The government set health and safety standards, but the accident rate was high by international standards. During the year there were 2,422 fatalities related to industrial accidents. According to KOSHA, approximately 60 percent of work-related injuries occurred in workplaces with 50 workers or less. During the year KOSHA provided funds and technical support to improve safety and health facilities at manufacturing workplaces employing fewer than 50 employees, awareness of occupational health problems in the workplace, and safety education for migrant workers. Foreign workers reportedly were more likely to be victims of work-related injuries but were often discouraged from seeking compensation. By law an employer may not dismiss or otherwise disadvantage an employee who interrupts work and takes shelter because of an urgent hazard that could lead to an industrial accident.
Contract and other "nonregular" workers accounted for a substantial portion of the workforce. According to the government, there were approximately 5.4 million nonregular workers, comprising approximately 34 percent of the total workforce. In general nonregular workers performed work similar to regular workers but received approximately 67 percent of the wages of regular workers; 53 percent of nonregular workers were ineligible for national health and unemployment insurance and other benefits, compared with 6 percent of regular workers. In July application of the 2006 Non-Regular Workers Act was expanded to cover businesses with 100 or more employees. The vast majority of contract and other nonregular workers were not foreign workers.
The law on nonregular workers allows companies with more than 300 workers to use temporary worker contracts valid for a maximum of two years. However, labor groups alleged that employers used a loophole in the law to avoid their obligation to hire part-time workers as regular workers after the two-year time limit.
The MOJ reported that the total number of foreigners with legal working status was 494,035 as of year's end. The total number of foreign workers in illegal status was 54,518. The government continued its crackdown on illegal foreign labor.
The government continued to use the Employment Permit System (EPS) to increase protections and controls on foreign workers while easing the labor shortage in the manufacturing, construction, and agricultural sectors. Through the EPS, permit holders may work in certain industries only and have limited job mobility but generally enjoy the same rights and privileges, including the right to organize. Foreign workers were limited in their freedom to change jobs. Before changing jobs the employee's place of work must close down or the worker must have proof of physical abuse at the hand of the employer. Unless MOJ guidelines allow for an extension on humanitarian grounds, workers lose their legal status if they do not find a new employer within two months.
During the year 75,024 foreigners entered Korea under the EPS. They often encountered difficult working conditions. AI and local media reported that foreign laborers often faced physical abuse and exploitation from employers. The NGO Korea Migrant Center received reports of abuse of female entertainment visa holders. The MOJ reported that foreign workers filed 8,074 complaints related to unpaid wages during the year.
Foreign workers employed as language teachers continued to complain that the institutes for which they worked frequently violated employment contracts, but employers reported there were a large number of foreign teachers who did not fully honor their work contracts.
U.S. Department of State
2008 Human Rights Report: Republic of Korea
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor
2008 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
February 25, 2009
The Republic of Korea (Korea or ROK) is a constitutional democracy governed by a president and a unicameral legislature. The country has a population of approximately 48 million. In April the Grand National Party obtained a majority of National Assembly seats in a free and fair election. Civilian authorities generally maintained effective control of the security forces.
The government generally respected the human rights of its citizens; however, there were problems in some areas. Women, persons with disabilities, and minorities continued to face societal discrimination. Rape, domestic violence, child abuse, and trafficking in persons remained serious problems.
RESPECT FOR HUMAN RIGHTS
Section 1 Respect for the Integrity of the Person, Including Freedom From:
a. Arbitrary or Unlawful Deprivation of Life
There were no reports that the government or its agents committed arbitrary or unlawful killings.
Official figures indicated that hazing was a factor in many of the 321 suicides by military personnel since 2004.
b. Disappearance
There were no reports of politically motivated disappearances.
c. Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman, or Degrading Treatment or Punishment
The law prohibits mistreatment of suspects, and officials generally observed this prohibition in practice.
The government continued to investigate incidents of possible abuse under the country's former military regimes. As of November the Commission for the Restoration of Honor and Compensation to Activists of the Democratization Movement had reviewed 11,241 of the 13,348 cases reported since its creation in 2000 and determined that compensation was due in 8,908 of them.
Prison and Detention Center Conditions
Prison and detention center conditions generally met international standards, and the government permitted visits by independent human rights observers.
d. Arbitrary Arrest or Detention
The law prohibits arbitrary arrest and detention, and the government generally observed these prohibitions. However, the National Security Law (NSL) grants the authorities broad powers to detain, arrest, and imprison persons who commit acts the government views as intended to endanger the "security of the state." Critics continued to call for reform or abolishment of the law, contending that its provisions did not define prohibited activity clearly. The Ministry of Justice (MOJ) maintained that the courts had established legal precedents for strict interpretation of the law that preclude arbitrary application. The number of NSL investigations and arrests has dropped significantly in recent years.
During the year authorities arrested 16 persons and prosecuted another 27 persons for alleged NSL violations. Of those prosecuted, four were found guilty; the remaining 23 were on trial as of year's end. In August authorities indicted a secondary school teacher on charges of violating the NSL for distributing materials related to the May 1980 Kwangju uprising. At the end of the year he was awaiting trial without physical detention. In another case four members of a nongovernmental organization (NGO) were detained and charged in September with illegal contact with Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK or North Korea) agents and distribution of North Korean press material for the purpose of exalting DPRK leader Kim Jong-il. The NGO claimed the government used falsehoods against the four and filed a defamation claim for damages. At year's end the four were in detention awaiting trial, and the defamation claim had not been settled.
In November 2007 a university professor found guilty of violating the NSL and sentenced in 2006 to two years in prison lost his final appeal.
An Amnesty International (AI) report alleged there were arbitrary arrests of bystanders on at least three occasions during demonstrations against President Lee Myung-bak in Seoul between May and September. Those arrested were detained and released. The Korean National Police Agency (KNPA) stated that police followed the requirements of the law in responding to the demonstrations. The MOJ reported that official investigations had not confirmed any instances of arbitrary arrest as of year's end.
Role of the Police and Security Apparatus
Civilian authorities maintained effective control over the KNPA, and the government has effective mechanisms to investigate and punish abuse and corruption.
AI reported that some riot police dispatched to demonstrations in Seoul between May and September had hidden their name badges or not worn them. The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) also reported that some riot police had covered their nametags with black tape and recommended that the KNPA ensure that police nametags are easily visible.
Arrest and Detention
The law requires warrants in cases of arrest, detention, seizure, or search, except if a person is apprehended while committing a criminal act or if a judge is not available and the authorities believe that a suspect may destroy evidence or escape capture if not quickly arrested. In such cases a public prosecutor or judicial police officer must prepare an affidavit of emergency arrest immediately upon apprehension of the suspect. Police may not question for more than six hours persons who voluntarily submit to questioning at police stations. Authorities generally must release an arrested suspect within 20 days unless an indictment is issued. An additional 10 days of detention is allowed in exceptional circumstances.
There is a bail system, but human rights lawyers stated that bail generally was not granted for detainees who were charged with committing serious offenses, might attempt to flee or harm a previous victim, or had no fixed address.
The law provides for the right to representation by an attorney, including during police interrogation. There are no restrictions on access to a lawyer, but the authorities can limit a lawyer's participation in an interrogation if the lawyer obstructs the interrogation or divulges information that impedes an investigation. The courts generally observed a defendant's right to a lawyer. During both detention and arrest periods, an indigent detainee may request that the government provide a lawyer.
Access to family members during detention varies according to the level of crime being investigated. There were no reports of access to legal counsel being denied.
Amnesty
In August the government granted a special amnesty to approximately 342,000 persons. Most were government officials due to receive disciplinary action. Approximately 1,900 of the pardons involved Election Act violations and another 10,000 involved commutation of sentences or probation for persons convicted of other crimes.
e. Denial of Fair Public Trial
The law provides for an independent judiciary, and the government generally respected judicial independence in practice.
Trial Procedures
The law provides defendants with a number of rights in criminal trials, including the presumption of innocence, protection against self-incrimination, the right to a speedy trial, the right of appeal, and freedom from retroactive laws and double jeopardy. Trials are open to the public, but judges may restrict attendance if they believe spectators might disrupt the proceedings. There is a public jury system, but the verdict of the jury is not legally binding. Court-appointed lawyers are provided by the government (at government expense) in cases where defendants cannot afford to provide their own legal counsel. When a person is detained, the initial trial must be completed within six months of arrest. Judges generally allowed considerable scope for examination of witnesses by both the prosecution and defense. Defendants have the right to be present and to consult with an attorney, can confront or question witnesses against them, and can present witnesses and evidence on their behalf. Defendants have access to government-held evidence relevant to their cases. The constitution provides for the right to a fair trial, and an independent judiciary generally enforced this right.
Political Prisoners and Detainees
It was difficult to estimate the number of political prisoners, because it was sometimes unclear whether persons were arrested for exercising the rights of free speech and association or for committing acts of violence or espionage. The NGO Mingahyup reported that as of December, the government had imprisoned 74 persons for their political beliefs and convicted 399 conscientious objectors who failed to report for military service. However, the MOJ stated that there were no cases of incarceration for political beliefs and that the law does not distinguish conscientious objectors from others who do not report for military service.
Civil Judicial Procedures and Remedies
There was an independent and impartial judiciary in civil matters, and there were no problems enforcing domestic court orders. Citizens had access to a court to bring lawsuits seeking damages for, or cessation of, a human rights violation.
f. Arbitrary Interference with Privacy, Family, Home, or Correspondence
The law prohibits such actions, and the government generally respected these prohibitions in practice. Some human rights groups raised concerns about possible government wiretapping abuse. The law establishes broad conditions under which the government may monitor telephone calls, mail, and other forms of communication for up to two months in criminal investigations and four months in national security cases. According to the National Assembly parliamentary audit, there were 1,149 instances of wiretapping in 2007. The National Intelligence Service conducted 87.9 percent of these. Telecommunications companies provided customer information to investigation agencies on 426,453 occasions in 2007.
The government continued to require some released prisoners to report regularly to police in accordance with the Security Surveillance Act. While the Ministry of Unification (MOU) designated precinct-level officers to handle issues brought forth by resettled DPRK refugees, the ministry claimed that there were no reporting requirements for the resettled citizens.
The NSL forbids citizens from listening to North Korean radio in their homes or reading books published in the DPRK if the government determines that the action endangers national security or the basic order of democracy in the country. However, this prohibition was rarely enforced, and the viewing of DPRK satellite telecasts in private homes is legal.
Section 2 Respect for Civil Liberties, Including:
a. Freedom of Speech and Press
The law provides for freedom of speech and of the press, and the government generally respected these rights in practice. An independent press, an effective judiciary, and a functioning democratic political system combined to ensure freedom of speech and of the press. The independent media were active and expressed a wide variety of views generally without restriction. However, under the NSL the government may limit the expression of ideas that authorities consider Communist or pro-DPRK.
Internet Freedom
The government blocked violent, sexually explicit, and gambling-oriented Web sites and required site operators to rate their site as harmful or not harmful to youth, based on telecommunications laws that ban Internet service providers from offering information considered harmful to youth. The government also continued to block DPRK Web sites.
The law requires identity verification in order to post messages to Web sites with more than 300,000 visitors per day.
According to 2007 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development data, 94.1 percent of households had access to the Internet through broadband connections. In addition to Internet access from home, public Internet rooms were widely available and inexpensive.
Academic Freedom and Cultural Events
There were generally no government restrictions on academic freedom or cultural events.
b. Freedom of Peaceful Assembly and Association
Freedom of Assembly
The law provides for freedom of assembly, and the government generally respected this right in practice. The law prohibits assemblies that are considered likely to undermine public order and requires police to be notified in advance of demonstrations of all types, including political rallies. The police must notify organizers if they consider an event impermissible under this law; however, police routinely approved demonstrations. The police reportedly banned some protests by groups that had not properly registered or that had been responsible for violent protests in the past.
The KNPA reported that 26 riot police were accused of abuses during the period of the "Candlelight Demonstrations" in Seoul against the administration of President Lee Myung-bak between May and September. An AI report on the demonstrations noted that protesters were mostly peaceful and the police showed "organization and restraint," but it criticized riot police for misusing water cannons and fire extinguishers; exercising excessive and unnecessary force; and kicking and beating protesters, journalists, observers, and medical volunteers with shields and batons. The report also stated that riot police were insufficiently trained in crowd control and dispersion. The NHRC also reported that police occasionally had suppressed demonstrations in an excessive manner, injuring protesters. The KNPA stated that police responded to violent and illegal demonstrations in accordance with the law. Official investigations of allegations of police abuse were ongoing at year's end.
Freedom of Association
The law provides for freedom of association, and the government generally respected this right in practice. Associations operated freely, except those deemed by the government to be seeking to overthrow the government. In December 2007, for example, Jang Min-ho, a foreign citizen and former reporter for the newspaper Joongang Daily, was sentenced to seven years and fined 19 million won (approximately $14,300) for allegedly meeting with DPRK spies. He was serving his sentence as of year's end.
c. Freedom of Religion
The law provides for freedom of religion, and the government generally respected this right in practice.
In August tens of thousands of Buddhists protested alleged discrimination by the government. Buddhist leaders denounced a police search of a temple vehicle for fugitive anti-Lee Myung-bak demonstrators and demanded the dismissal of the KNPA commissioner general, who had appeared in a poster promoting a Christian police event. In September President Lee Myung-bak expressed regret that any actions of civil servants had "caused concern within the Buddhist community." The head of the Buddhist Jogye Order accepted an apology from the police commissioner general in November.
Societal Abuses and Discrimination
The small Jewish population consists almost entirely of expatriates. There were no reports of anti-Semitic acts.
For a more detailed discussion, see the 2008 International Religious Freedom Report at www.state.gov/g/drl/irf/rpt.
d. Freedom of Movement, Internally Displaced Persons, Protection of Refugees, and Stateless Persons
Most citizens could move freely throughout the country; however, government officials restricted the movement of certain DPRK defectors by denying them passports. In January the Supreme Court ruled that the denial of a passport to one defector was "unjust." While foreign travel generally was unrestricted, the government must approve travel to the DPRK. In many cases travelers going to the DPRK must receive a briefing from the Ministry of Unification prior to departure. They must demonstrate also that their trip does not have a political purpose and is not undertaken to praise the DPRK or criticize the government. The government cooperated with the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees and other humanitarian organizations in assisting refugees and asylum seekers.
The law does not include provisions for forced exile of its citizens, and the government did not employ it.
Protection of Refugees
The laws provide for the granting of asylum or refugee status in accordance with the 1951 UN Convention relating to the Status of Refugees and its 1967 protocol, and the government has established a system for providing protection to refugees. However, the government routinely did not grant refugee status or asylum. In practice the government generally provided protection against the expulsion or return of refugees to countries where their lives or freedom would be threatened.
Government guidelines provide for offering temporary refuge in the case of a mass influx of asylum seekers and an alternative form of protection--a renewable, short-term permit--to those who meet a broader definition of "refugee." During the year the government recognized 36 asylum applicants as refugees, many more than in past years. However, a complex procedure and long delays in refugee status decision making continued to be problems. At year's end approximately 1,500 applications were pending decisions. Asylum seekers who were recognized as refugees received basic documentation but frequently encountered problems in exercising their rights. Like other foreigners, refugees frequently were subjected to various forms of informal discrimination.
The government continued its longstanding policy of accepting refugees from the DPRK, who are entitled to ROK citizenship. The government resettled 2,809 North Koreans during the year, resulting in 15,057 North Koreans resettled in the country.
Section 3 Respect for Political Rights: The Right of Citizens to Change Their Government
The law provides citizens with the right to change their government peacefully, and citizens exercised this right in practice through periodic, free, and fair elections held on the basis of universal suffrage for all citizens 20 years of age or older.
Elections and Political Participation
National Assembly elections held in April were free and fair.
Both the majority and the various minority political parties operated without restriction or outside interference.
In general elections, 50 percent of each party's candidates on the proportional ballot must be women, and 30 percent of each party's geographical candidates are recommended to be women. There were 41 female lawmakers in the 299-seat National Assembly, with three of 18 National Assembly committees chaired by women. Two of 13 Supreme Court justices and two of 15 cabinet ministers were women.
There were no minorities in the National Assembly.
Government Corruption and Transparency
The law provides criminal penalties for official corruption, and the government generally implemented these laws effectively. The Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption stated that the overall "cleanliness level" of the government for 2007 was 8.89 out of 10 points, an improvement from 8.77 in 2006. There were reports of officials receiving bribes and violating election laws. Several National Assembly members were found guilty of taking bribes in exchange for fixing candidate lists for proportional representation seats up for election in April. In November the prosecutor's office announced corruption indictments against 250 officials at state-backed companies, primarily for taking bribes.
By law public servants above a certain rank must register their assets, including how they were accumulated, thereby making their holdings public. Among the anticorruption agencies are the Board of Audit & Inspection and the Public Servants Ethics Committee. In February the Korea Independent Commission Against Corruption, Ombudsman of Korea, and Administrative Appeals Commission were integrated to form the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission.
The country has a Freedom of Information Act; in practice the government granted access for citizens and noncitizens alike, including foreign media.
Section 4 Governmental Attitude Regarding International and Nongovernmental Investigation of Alleged Violations of Human Rights
A wide variety of domestic and international human rights groups generally operated without government restriction, investigating and publishing their findings on human rights cases. Government officials often were cooperative and responsive to their views.
The NHRC is an independent government body established to protect and promote human rights; however, it has no enforcement powers and its decisions are not binding. The NHRC investigates complaints, issues policy recommendations, and conducts education campaigns. The NHRC largely has enjoyed the government's cooperation, received adequate resources, and been considered effective.
Section 5 Discrimination, Societal Abuses, and Trafficking in Persons
The law forbids discrimination on the basis of gender, religion, disability, social status, and race, and the government generally respected these provisions. However, traditional attitudes limited opportunities for women, persons with disabilities, and ethnic minorities. While courts have jurisdiction to decide discrimination claims, many of these cases were instead handled by the NHRC. During the year 1,380 such cases were brought before the NHRC.
Women
Rape remained a serious problem. Although there is no specific statute that defines spousal rape as illegal, the courts have established a precedent by prosecuting spouses in such cases. The MOJ stated that there were 7,532 reports of rape and 3,581 prosecutions during the year. In 2007 there were 15,325 registered cases of sexual violence, including rape, sexual harassment, and other sexual crimes, according to the Ministry of Gender Equality (MOGE). A study by the Korea Institute for Health and Social Affairs and the Korean Institute of Criminology found that annually 17.9 of every 1,000 women were victims of sexual harassment, rape, or other sexual crimes, but the reporting rate for rape was only 7.1 percent. The penalty for rape is at least three years' limited imprisonment; if a weapon is used or two or more persons commit the rape, punishment ranges from a minimum of five years' to life imprisonment.
Violence against women remained a problem. During the year the MOJ registered 11,048 cases of domestic violence and prosecuted 1,747 cases. According to an MOGE survey, approximately 30 percent of all married women were victims of domestic violence. The law defines domestic violence as a serious crime and enables authorities to order offenders to stay away from victims for up to six months. Offenders can be sentenced to a maximum five years' imprisonment or fined up to seven million won ($5,300). Offenders also may be placed on probation or ordered to see court designated counselors. The law also requires police to respond immediately to reports of domestic violence, and the police generally were responsive.
Prostitution is illegal but widespread. In July police began a crackdown on alleged prostitution-related establishments in multiple areas of Seoul, closing 61 businesses in one district and prosecuting approximately 350 persons without physical detention. The government allows for the prosecution of citizens who pay for sex or commit acts of child sexual exploitation in other countries. The Act on the Prevention of the Sex Trade and Protection of Victims Thereof, which entered into effect in September, further stipulates that the MOGE complete a report every three years on the status of domestic prostitution in addition to the involvement of citizens in sex tourism and the sex trade abroad. NGOs continued to express concern that sex tourism to China and Southeast Asia was becoming more prevalent.
The law obligates companies and organizations to take preventive measures against sexual harassment, but it continued to be a problem. The NHRC received 152 cases of sexual harassment during the year. According to the NHRC, remedies included issuance of a recommendation for redress, conciliation, mutual settlement, and resolution during investigation. The NHRC lacks the authority to impose punitive measures, which must be pursued through the court system.
The family law permits a woman to head a household, recognizes a wife's right to a portion of a couple's property, and allows a woman to maintain contact with her children after a divorce. The law also allows remarried women to change their children's family name to their new husband's name. Women enjoy the same legal rights under the constitution as men.
Women continued to experience economic discrimination in pay for substantially similar work. According to the Korea Institute of Finance, a survey of financial services companies revealed that almost 60 percent of newly created jobs in this sector were filled by women. The portion of entry-level civil service positions that women filled increased from 3.2 percent in 1992 to 49 percent in 2007. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade reported that 67.7 percent of new diplomats were women. The Ministry of Labor (MOL) stated that the employment rate of females between the ages of 15 and 64 had risen approximately 10 percentage points since 1996, from 43.6 percent to 53.1 percent. Nevertheless, relatively few women worked in managerial positions or earned more than a median income, and gender discrimination in the workplace remained a problem. An MOL survey released in April found that 53.9 percent of respondents believed that sexual discrimination within the workplace was a serious problem.
The law penalizes companies found to discriminate against women in hiring and promotions. A company found guilty of practicing sexual discrimination could be fined up to approximately five million won ($3,800) and have its name published in the newspaper. The law also provides for a public fund to support victims in seeking legal redress. Some government agencies' preferential hiring of applicants with military service (nearly always men) reinforced barriers against women, despite a Constitutional Court ruling that such preferential hiring was unconstitutional.
Children
The government demonstrated its commitment to children's rights and welfare through free public education. High quality health care was widely available to children.
From January through June, a total of 2,733 child abuse cases were reported to the Ministry of Health and Welfare (MOHW). The MOGE maintained four centers that provided counseling, treatment, and legal assistance to child victims of sexual violence. In February the government revised the Acts on the Prevention of School Violence and Countermeasures to make sexual violence perpetrated at school subject to criminal prosecution.
The law establishes a maximum sentence of 25 years' imprisonment for the brokerage and sale of the sexual services of persons younger than 19 years of age. It also establishes prison terms for persons convicted of the purchase of sexual services of youth under age 19. The Commission on Youth Protection publicizes the names of those who commit sex offenses against minors. The law provides for prison terms of up to three years or a fine of up to 20 million won ($15,000) for owners of entertainment establishments who hire persons under age 19. The commission's definition of "entertainment establishment" includes facilities such as restaurants and cafes where children are hired illegally as prostitutes.
In July the Constitutional Court overturned a 1987 ban on prenatal gender tests, ruling that a parent's right to know outweighed the risk of male-preference abortion, a practice that the court stated was in decline.
Trafficking in Persons
The law prohibits all forms of trafficking in persons; however, there were reports that persons were trafficked to, from, through, and within the country. Women from Russia, other countries of the former Soviet Union, China, Mongolia, the Philippines, and other Southeast Asian countries were trafficked to the country for sexual exploitation and domestic servitude. They were recruited personally or answered advertisements and were flown to Korea, often with entertainer or tourist visas. In some instances, once these visa recipients arrived in the country, employers illegally held victims' passports. In addition some foreign women recruited for legal and brokered marriages with Korean men ended up in situations of sexual exploitation, debt bondage, and involuntary servitude once married. Korean women were trafficked primarily for sexual exploitation to the United States, sometimes through Canada and Mexico, as well as to other countries, such as Australia and Japan. Relatively small numbers of migrants seeking opportunities in the country were believed to have become victims of trafficking as well, although the MOL Employment Permit System reduced the number of workers trafficked into the country. There were reports that human traffickers exploited ROK passports for the purpose of human trafficking. There was no credible evidence that officials were involved in trafficking.
The law prohibits trafficking for the purpose of commercial sexual exploitation, including debt bondage, and prescribes up to 10 years' imprisonment. Trafficking for forced labor is criminalized and carries penalties of up to five years' imprisonment. February revisions to the Passport Act allow for restricted issuance or confiscation of passports of persons engaging in illegal activity overseas, including sex trafficking. However, some NGOs believed the laws against sex trafficking were not being enforced to their fullest potential. During the year authorities conducted 220 trafficking investigations and prosecuted in 31 cases, all for sex trafficking. There were no reported prosecutions or convictions of labor trafficking offenses.
The Marriage Brokerage Management Act, which entered into effect in June, regulates both domestic and international marriage brokers and prescribes penalties for dishonest brokers, including sentences of up to three years' imprisonment or fines. There also are laws to protect "foreign brides" in the country and punish fraudulent marriage brokers, but NGOs claimed the laws needed to be strengthened.
The KNPA and the MOJ were principally responsible for enforcing antitrafficking laws. The government worked with the international community on investigations related to trafficking.
The government maintained a network of shelters and programs to assist victims of abuse, including trafficking victims. Victims were also eligible for medical, legal, vocational, and social support services. NGOS with funding from the government provided many of these services. NGOs reported that there was only one counseling center and two shelters in the country dedicated to foreign victims of sex trafficking. The MOJ continued to educate male clients of prostitution to correct distorted views of prostitution. During the year 17,956 individuals participated in the program.
The State Department's annual Trafficking in Persons Report can be found at www.state.gov/g/tip.
Persons with Disabilities
In April the Anti-Discrimination Against and Remedies for Persons with Disabilities Act (DDA) took effect. The DDA adopts a definition of discrimination encompassing direct discrimination, indirect discrimination, and denial of due conveniences, and it establishes penalties for deliberate discrimination of up to three years in prison and 30 million won ($22,600). The government, through the MOHW, initiated a five-year plan to implement a comprehensive set of policies, took measures to make homes barrier free, provided part-time employment, established a task force to introduce a long-term medical care system, and opened a national rehabilitation research center to increase opportunities and access for persons with disabilities. During the year the NHRC received 635 cases of alleged discrimination in areas such as employment, property ownership, and access to educational facilities.
Firms with more than 100 employees are required by law either to hire persons with disabilities or contribute to funds used to promote the employment of persons with disabilities. Nevertheless, the hiring of persons with disabilities remained significantly below target levels.
National/Racial/Ethnic Minorities
The country is racially homogeneous, with no sizable populations of ethnic minorities. Citizenship is based on parentage, not place of birth, and persons must demonstrate their family genealogy as proof of citizenship. Naturalization is a difficult process requiring detailed applications, a long waiting period, and a series of investigations and examinations. Because of the difficulty of establishing Korean citizenship, those not ethnically Korean remained "foreign." Many foreign workers continued to report difficult working conditions.
Other Societal Abuses and Discrimination
Despite cultural respect for the elderly, there were reports of age discrimination in the workplace. In March the government enacted the Age Discrimination in Employment Act to address age discrimination in hiring and employment.
Some observers claimed that persons with HIV/AIDS suffered from severe societal discrimination and social stigma. The law ensures the confidentiality of persons with HIV/AIDS and protects individuals from discrimination. The government supported rehabilitation programs and shelters run by private groups and subsidized medical expenses from the initial diagnosis. The government operated a Web site with HIV/AIDS information and a telephone counseling service.
The law prohibits discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation, but societal discrimination persisted. In November a military court asked the Constitutional Court to rule on the constitutionality of rules prohibiting sexual activity between male military personnel. An opinion had not been rendered by year's end.
Section 6 Worker Rights
a. The Right of Association
The law provides workers with the right to associate freely and allows public servants to organize unions. The government continued to postpone the implementation of the 1997 law that authorizes union pluralism.
The ratio of organized labor in the entire population of wage earners in 2007 was approximately 11 percent, or 1.5 million unionists from a total of 14.7 million workers. The country has two national labor federations--the Korean Confederation of Trade Unions (KCTU) and the Federation of Korean Trade Unions (FKTU)--and an estimated 1,600 labor unions. The KCTU and the FKTU were affiliated with the International Trade Union Confederation (ITUC). Most of the FKTU's constituent unions maintained affiliations with global union federations.
The government recognized a range of other labor federations, including independent white-collar federations representing hospital workers, journalists, and office workers at construction firms and government research institutes. Labor federations not formally recognized by the MOL generally operated without government interference. AI criticized the MOL for continuing to deny legal recognition to the Seoul-Gyeonggi-Incheon Migrants Trade Union (MTU), even after a high court ruled that the law protecting the right of association applied to migrant laborers. In May the government arrested and deported MTU's President Torna Limbu and Vice President Abdus Sabur for being in "irregular or undocumented status." The ITUC criticized the May arrest and deportation of the two under immigration charges as governmental antiunion repression. Previous MTU leaders also previously were arrested and deported.
By law unions must submit a request for mediation to the Labor Relations Commission before a strike; otherwise, the strike is considered illegal. In most cases the mediation must be completed within 10 days; in the case of essential services, within 15 days. Strikes initiated following this period without majority support from union membership are illegal. Striking is also prohibited in cases in which a dispute has been referred to binding arbitration. Workers employed at major defense corporations subject to the Special Act on the Defense Industry and those working in the areas of electricity generation, water supply, or production of defense products are not allowed to strike. In addition, if striking employees resort to violence, unlawful occupation of premises, or infliction of damage to facilities, their actions are deemed illegal. Strikes not specifically pertaining to labor conditions, including wages, benefits, and working hours, are also illegal. Under the penal code for "obstruction of business," arrest warrants can be issued against union leaders during an illegal strike. Striking workers can be removed by police from the premises and, along with union leaders, prosecuted and sentenced.
On December 5, authorities arrested KCTU President Lee Suk-haeng and charged him with "obstruction of business" in connection with his role organizing a general strike on July 2 to protest plans to resume foreign beef imports. Authorities also charged him with organizing solidarity action in 2007 against a retail company that allegedly subjected its workers to precarious and exploitative employment arrangements. The ITUC criticized his arrest, on warrants issued against him and 10 other KCTU and Korean Metal Workers' Union officials, as violating the government's legal obligations to respect freedom of association.
The law prohibits retribution against workers who conduct a legal strike and allows workers to file complaints of unfair labor practices against employers.
By law unions in enterprises determined to be of "essential public interest"--including railways, utilities, public health, the Bank of Korea, and telecommunications--can be ordered to submit to government-ordered arbitration. Strikes are prohibited for both central and local government officials.
b. The Right to Organize and Bargain Collectively
The law provides for the workers' right to collective bargaining and collective action, and workers exercised these rights in practice. The law also empowers workers to file complaints of unfair labor practices against employers who interfere with union organizing or who discriminate against union members. Employers found guilty of unfair practices can be required to reinstate workers fired for union activities. However, forced reinstatement was used infrequently because employers took extra precautions when firing union members. According to the ITUC, employers in some cases levied "obstruction of business" charges against union leaders who were seeking to bargain collectively or engage in regular union activities.
The law permits public servants to organize trade unions and bargain collectively, although it restricts the public service unions from collective bargaining on topics such as policy-making issues and budgetary matters.
The government designated enterprises in the two export processing zones (EPZs) as public interest enterprises. Workers in these enterprises have the rights enjoyed by workers in other sectors, and labor organizations are permitted in the EPZs. However, foreign companies operating in the EPZs are exempt from some labor regulations. For example, foreign-invested enterprises are exempt from provisions that mandate monthly leave, paid holidays, and menstruation leave for women; give preferential treatment to patriots, veterans, and their families; obligate companies with more than 300 persons to recruit persons with disabilities for at least 2 percent of their workforce; encourage companies to reserve 3 percent of their workforce for workers over 55 years of age; and restrict large companies from participating in certain business categories.
c. Prohibition of Forced or Compulsory Labor
The law prohibits forced or compulsory labor, including by children, and there were no reports that such practices occurred.
d. Prohibition of Child Labor and Minimum Age for Employment
The law protects children from exploitation in the workplace and prohibits forced or compulsory labor, and the government effectively enforced these laws through regular inspections. Child labor was not considered a problem.
The labor standards law prohibits the employment of persons under age 15 without a special employment certificate from the MOL. Because education is compulsory through middle school (approximately age 15), few special employment certificates were issued for full-time employment. To obtain employment, children under age 18 must obtain written approval from either parents or guardians. Employers must limit minors' overtime hours and are prohibited from employing minors at night without special permission from the MOL.
e. Acceptable Conditions of Work
The minimum wage is reviewed annually. During the year the minimum wage was 3,770 won (approximately $2.80) per hour. The FKTU and other labor organizations asserted that the existing minimum wage did not meet the basic requirements of urban workers.
Employees of large conglomerates, publicly owned companies, banks, insurance companies with 1,000 or more registered workers, and companies with more than 50 employees work a five-day, 40-hour workweek. Labor laws mandate a 24-hour rest period each week and provide for a flexible hours system, under which employers can require laborers to work up to 48 hours during certain weeks without paying overtime (and 52 with approval from the relevant labor union), so long as average weekly hours for any given two-week period do not exceed 40 hours. If a union agrees to a further loosening of the rules, management may ask employees to work up to 56 regular hours in a given week. Workers may not be required to work more than 12 hours per working day. The labor standards law also provides for a 50 percent higher wage for overtime.
The Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency (KOSHA) is responsible for implementing industrial accident prevention activities. The government set health and safety standards, but the accident rate was high by international standards. During the year there were 2,422 fatalities related to industrial accidents. According to KOSHA, approximately 60 percent of work-related injuries occurred in workplaces with 50 workers or less. During the year KOSHA provided funds and technical support to improve safety and health facilities at manufacturing workplaces employing fewer than 50 employees, awareness of occupational health problems in the workplace, and safety education for migrant workers. Foreign workers reportedly were more likely to be victims of work-related injuries but were often discouraged from seeking compensation. By law an employer may not dismiss or otherwise disadvantage an employee who interrupts work and takes shelter because of an urgent hazard that could lead to an industrial accident.
Contract and other "nonregular" workers accounted for a substantial portion of the workforce. According to the government, there were approximately 5.4 million nonregular workers, comprising approximately 34 percent of the total workforce. In general nonregular workers performed work similar to regular workers but received approximately 67 percent of the wages of regular workers; 53 percent of nonregular workers were ineligible for national health and unemployment insurance and other benefits, compared with 6 percent of regular workers. In July application of the 2006 Non-Regular Workers Act was expanded to cover businesses with 100 or more employees. The vast majority of contract and other nonregular workers were not foreign workers.
The law on nonregular workers allows companies with more than 300 workers to use temporary worker contracts valid for a maximum of two years. However, labor groups alleged that employers used a loophole in the law to avoid their obligation to hire part-time workers as regular workers after the two-year time limit.
The MOJ reported that the total number of foreigners with legal working status was 494,035 as of year's end. The total number of foreign workers in illegal status was 54,518. The government continued its crackdown on illegal foreign labor.
The government continued to use the Employment Permit System (EPS) to increase protections and controls on foreign workers while easing the labor shortage in the manufacturing, construction, and agricultural sectors. Through the EPS, permit holders may work in certain industries only and have limited job mobility but generally enjoy the same rights and privileges, including the right to organize. Foreign workers were limited in their freedom to change jobs. Before changing jobs the employee's place of work must close down or the worker must have proof of physical abuse at the hand of the employer. Unless MOJ guidelines allow for an extension on humanitarian grounds, workers lose their legal status if they do not find a new employer within two months.
During the year 75,024 foreigners entered Korea under the EPS. They often encountered difficult working conditions. AI and local media reported that foreign laborers often faced physical abuse and exploitation from employers. The NGO Korea Migrant Center received reports of abuse of female entertainment visa holders. The MOJ reported that foreign workers filed 8,074 complaints related to unpaid wages during the year.
Foreign workers employed as language teachers continued to complain that the institutes for which they worked frequently violated employment contracts, but employers reported there were a large number of foreign teachers who did not fully honor their work contracts.
Tuesday, February 24, 2009
Will Obama Administration Launch a Truth Commission?
February 22, 2009
To Investigate or Not: Four Ways to Look Back at Bush
By SCOTT SHANE
WASHINGTON — Two days after his re-election in 1864, with Union victory in the Civil War assured, Abraham Lincoln stood at a White House window to address a boisterous crowd of supporters. He spoke of the lessons of the nation’s calamitous recent history.
“In any future great national trial, compared with the men of this, we shall have as weak and as strong; as silly and as wise; as bad and as good,” Lincoln said. “Let us, therefore, study the incidents of this as philosophy to learn wisdom from, and none of them as wrongs to be revenged.”
Today there are new calls for such study, not universal but certainly loud enough, directed this time at the Bush administration’s campaign against terrorism. Interrogation techniques that the United States had long condemned as torture, secret prisons beyond the reach of American law and eavesdropping on American soil without court warrants are at the top of a lot of lists.
But as Lincoln knew, one man’s wisdom is another’s vengeance. Repeatedly in American history, and in “truth commissions” in some two dozen countries from Argentina to Zimbabwe since the 1980s, it has turned out to be a tricky business to turn the ferocious politics of recent events into the dispassionate stuff of justice and the rule of law.
A USA Today/Gallup poll this month found that 62 percent of Americans favor either a criminal investigation or an independent panel to look into allegations of torture. Still, many people, primarily Republicans, insist the Bush policies were vital to protect the country, and the Obama administration is treading gingerly. When Senator Patrick J. Leahy of Vermont, the Democratic chairman of the Judiciary Committee, proposed a commission to investigate torture and eavesdropping, President Obama didn’t embrace the idea.
Already grappling with two wars and an economic meltdown, Mr. Obama said he was “more interested in looking forward than I am in looking backwards.” But the door was ajar; he also declared that “nobody is above the law.”
Mr. Leahy is undeterred. In an interview, he laughed and described the president’s remarks as “an enthusiastic endorsement.” He said he would work to build support for the idea in Congress.
As a senator under seven presidents, Mr. Leahy said, he has learned that the temptation to abuse powers in a crisis is bipartisan, and the commission’s review should include the role of Democrats in Congress in approving the Bush policies. The work should be done in one year, he added, to avert accusations that it was being dragged out for political gain.
Mr. Obama’s most enthusiastic supporters remain passionate about “looking backwards,” arguing that the Bush policies darkened the United States’ reputation, to Al Qaeda’s benefit. They include Representative John Conyers of Michigan, the House Judiciary chairman, who has sponsored a bill to set up an investigative panel.
Many Republicans, however, say the lofty appeals to justice and history mask an unseemly and dangerous drive to pillory the Bush administration and hamstring the intelligence agencies.
That was precisely the view of an aide in Gerald Ford’s White House named Dick Cheney when a Senate committee led by Frank Church of Idaho looked into intelligence abuses in the mid-1970s. A quarter-century later, as vice president, Mr. Cheney would effectively wreak vengeance on that committee’s legacy, encouraging the National Security Agency to bypass the warrant requirement the committee had proposed and unleashing the Central Intelligence Agency he felt the committee had shackled.
If advocates of looking back have their way, what are the options? Some past inquiries offer models, each with different potential winners and losers.
A CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION (IRAN-CONTRA)
Attorney General Eric H. Holder Jr. said at his confirmation hearing that he, like Mr. Obama, did not want to “criminalize policy differences” by punishing officials for acts they believed were legal. The same language was used in 1992 by President George H. W. Bush when he pardoned six officials charged in the Iran-contra investigation. Mr. Bush called the charges “a profoundly troubling development in the history of our country: the criminalization of policy differences.”
The Iran-contra case illustrates the obstacles to any prosecution that unfolds in a polarized political atmosphere. An independent prosecutor, Lawrence E. Walsh, worked for six years to untangle shady arms deals, defiance of Congress and a cover-up. But because of the pardons and court rulings, the key figures escaped all punishment except large legal fees and damaged reputations.
The sharpest critics of the Bush programs insist that only prosecution can restore the law to its proper place. They note that some 100 terrorism suspects have died in American custody and say a prosecution for conspiracy to torture could target both the high-level officials who approved the likes of waterboarding and lawyers who justified it.
But many legal experts believe that the Justice Department would be hard pressed to prosecute as torture methods that the department itself declared in 2002 not to be torture. And if an important goal is to determine who devised the policies, a push to prosecute might only persuade past officials to lawyer up and clam up.
A CONGRESSIONAL INVESTIGATION (CHURCH)
If there is a close precedent for the investigation now being debated, it is the inquiry led by Senator Church in 1975-76, which recorded in stunning detail some of the darkest chapters in American history. Its reports chronicled the C.I.A.’s bumbling attempts to assassinate foreign leaders; the N.S.A.’s watchlisting of civil rights and antiwar activists; and the F.B.I.’s campaign to drive the Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. to suicide.
The reports led directly to a series of reforms, including President Ford’s ban on assassinations, the creation of the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court to approve national-security eavesdropping and the establishment of Congressional oversight of the intelligence agencies.
But some Republicans saw Mr. Church as a showboat and his committee as overreaching. To Mr. Cheney, the Church legacy was a regrettable pruning of the president’s powers to protect the country — powers he and Bush administration lawyers reasserted after the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks.
A BLUE-RIBBON PANEL (9/11 COMMISSION)
Though Mr. Leahy praised the Church Committee, his own proposal would take the investigation away from Congress in favor of “a group of people universally recommended as fair minded.” He also suggested subpoena power and, perhaps most important, a South Africa-style trade-off: immunity for officials who testify truthfully.
Investigative commissions date at least to 1794, when George Washington used one to negotiate a settlement of the Whiskey Rebellion. The 9/11 commission, a recent example, largely overcame partisanship and drew generally positive reviews.
A commission would free Congress to focus on current problems, including the economic crisis. And promises of immunity might answer concerns expressed last month by the departing C.I.A. director, Michael V. Hayden — that any investigation would discourage intelligence officers from acting boldly for fear of later second-guessing.
DOING NOTHING
Or more accurately, finishing up and rolling out the inquiries already under way. Even if the push for a broad investigation loses momentum, the Bush programs will not soon be forgotten. Among major inquiries expected to conclude soon: a report from the Justice Department’s ethics office on legal opinions justifying harsh interrogations; the criminal investigation of the C.I.A.’s destruction of interrogation videotapes; and a report by the Justice Department inspector general on the N.S.A.’s warrantless eavesdropping.
Meanwhile, thousands of documents relating to secrets of the Bush years are being sought by journalists and advocates. Mr. Obama has directed agencies to lean strongly toward disclosure.
Frederick A. O. Schwarz Jr., who served as chief counsel for the Church Committee and has called for a new commission, said there is no telling what a thorough investigation may turn up. He recalled his shock as he sat in a secure room at the C.I.A. in 1975 and read that the agency had recruited the Mafia in a scheme to kill Fidel Castro.
“It may seem that we already know a lot,” Mr. Schwarz said. “But based on my experience, I’m certain there’s a lot that went on the last eight years that we still don’t know.”
Monday, February 23, 2009
Putting peace first
Christine Ahn and Paul Liem at Berkeley argue it is essential to put peace first in dealing with the North Korea by pointing out it was recessive to have a "you do it first, then we would move" policy during the Bush administration compared to "let's do it together" stance of Clinton administration. However, the authors express their concerns on what shown by Hilary Clinton during her current visit to Asian nations rather resembles to the Bush's.
Obama government's stance on the Korean peninsula attracts very much attention within/outside the nation, and many experts are pouring out perspectives based on their own agendas and experiences. Whatever that may be, what we shouldn't forget is, as Ahm and Liem argued, to put peace first.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Christine Ahn and Paul Liem
Thursday, February 19, 2009
'If North Korea is genuinely prepared to completely and verifiably eliminate their nuclear weapons program," Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said before she departed for Asia, "the Obama administration will be willing to normalize bilateral relations, replace the peninsula's longstanding armistice agreements with a permanent peace treaty, and assist in meeting the energy and other economic needs of the North Korean people."
Clinton's acknowledgment of the need to replace the armistice with a permanent peace treaty is a warm welcome to millions of Korean-Americans and Koreans hoping for a peaceful resolution to heightening tensions on the peninsula.
During her stop in Japan, however, she appeared to adopt the Bush administration's position that North Korea disarm as a precondition for normalization. Warning that a North Korean missile test would be "unhelpful" in moving relations with the U.S. forward, Clinton also stated, "If North Korea abides by the obligations it has already entered into and verifiably and completely eliminates its nuclear program, then there will be a reciprocal response certainly from the United States."
In the West, the conventional wisdom is that North Korea engages in "provocative" activity like missile testing in order to blackmail the United States into negotiations. What is forgotten, however, is that in the absence of an ongoing peace dialogue, the status quo between the United States and North Korea is that of two countries at war, held at bay only by a fragile truce.
For this reason, North Korea, as well as the United States and South Korea, routinely engage in war exercises and pursue modernization of their military technologies. In fact, the United States has committed to spending $10 billion on base construction in South Korea, and South Korea has begun to increase its military budget annually by 10 percent under its $665 billion Defense Reform 2020 Initiative.
For nearly eight years, the Bush administration threatened North Korea with dire consequences for not acquiescing to demands that it disarm its nuclear weapons program before receiving the benefits of U.S. friendship. As a result, not only did the North continue testing its missiles - it also tested a nuclear weapon in 2006. Today, whether the international community likes it or not, North Korea is a nuclear power.
But there is an alternative. A decade ago, North Korea agreed to a moratorium on its missile testing, and continued to mothball its plutonium reactor under an earlier agreed framework, as a result of a peace initiative launched during the Clinton administration. In this instance both countries agreed to take the first step toward peace together, not one before the other.
The Obama administration has a plateful of domestic and international crises before it. Fortunately, in the case of North Korea, there is a wealth of experience and lessons. The foremost of these is that while the "you disarm first" approach of the Bush administration proved to be disastrous, the "let's do this together" approach of the Clinton administration achieved positive results.
Failure to heed this hard-learned lesson, by an administration that pledged to pursue diplomacy over bluster and war, would be tragic.
Denuclearization of North Korea is still possible. But in the absence of a common commitment to peace secured by a permanent peace treaty, it is unlikely to occur.
James Laney, a former U.S. ambassador to South Korea, recently advised: "A peace treaty would provide a baseline for relationships, eliminating the question of the other's legitimacy and its right to exist. Absent such a peace treaty, every dispute presents afresh the question of the other side's legitimacy."
Let's dare to put peace first, for a change.
Christine Ahn is a fellow and Paul Liem is Chairman of the Korea Policy Institute.
Obama government's stance on the Korean peninsula attracts very much attention within/outside the nation, and many experts are pouring out perspectives based on their own agendas and experiences. Whatever that may be, what we shouldn't forget is, as Ahm and Liem argued, to put peace first.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
By Christine Ahn and Paul Liem
Thursday, February 19, 2009
'If North Korea is genuinely prepared to completely and verifiably eliminate their nuclear weapons program," Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said before she departed for Asia, "the Obama administration will be willing to normalize bilateral relations, replace the peninsula's longstanding armistice agreements with a permanent peace treaty, and assist in meeting the energy and other economic needs of the North Korean people."
Clinton's acknowledgment of the need to replace the armistice with a permanent peace treaty is a warm welcome to millions of Korean-Americans and Koreans hoping for a peaceful resolution to heightening tensions on the peninsula.
During her stop in Japan, however, she appeared to adopt the Bush administration's position that North Korea disarm as a precondition for normalization. Warning that a North Korean missile test would be "unhelpful" in moving relations with the U.S. forward, Clinton also stated, "If North Korea abides by the obligations it has already entered into and verifiably and completely eliminates its nuclear program, then there will be a reciprocal response certainly from the United States."
In the West, the conventional wisdom is that North Korea engages in "provocative" activity like missile testing in order to blackmail the United States into negotiations. What is forgotten, however, is that in the absence of an ongoing peace dialogue, the status quo between the United States and North Korea is that of two countries at war, held at bay only by a fragile truce.
For this reason, North Korea, as well as the United States and South Korea, routinely engage in war exercises and pursue modernization of their military technologies. In fact, the United States has committed to spending $10 billion on base construction in South Korea, and South Korea has begun to increase its military budget annually by 10 percent under its $665 billion Defense Reform 2020 Initiative.
For nearly eight years, the Bush administration threatened North Korea with dire consequences for not acquiescing to demands that it disarm its nuclear weapons program before receiving the benefits of U.S. friendship. As a result, not only did the North continue testing its missiles - it also tested a nuclear weapon in 2006. Today, whether the international community likes it or not, North Korea is a nuclear power.
But there is an alternative. A decade ago, North Korea agreed to a moratorium on its missile testing, and continued to mothball its plutonium reactor under an earlier agreed framework, as a result of a peace initiative launched during the Clinton administration. In this instance both countries agreed to take the first step toward peace together, not one before the other.
The Obama administration has a plateful of domestic and international crises before it. Fortunately, in the case of North Korea, there is a wealth of experience and lessons. The foremost of these is that while the "you disarm first" approach of the Bush administration proved to be disastrous, the "let's do this together" approach of the Clinton administration achieved positive results.
Failure to heed this hard-learned lesson, by an administration that pledged to pursue diplomacy over bluster and war, would be tragic.
Denuclearization of North Korea is still possible. But in the absence of a common commitment to peace secured by a permanent peace treaty, it is unlikely to occur.
James Laney, a former U.S. ambassador to South Korea, recently advised: "A peace treaty would provide a baseline for relationships, eliminating the question of the other's legitimacy and its right to exist. Absent such a peace treaty, every dispute presents afresh the question of the other side's legitimacy."
Let's dare to put peace first, for a change.
Christine Ahn is a fellow and Paul Liem is Chairman of the Korea Policy Institute.
Monday, February 16, 2009
κΉμν μΆκΈ°κ²½ μ μ’ ; Cardinal Stephen Kim, 86, South Korea democracy advocate, dies
Reuters
Monday, February 16, 2009
SEOUL: The first South Korean Roman Catholic cardinal, Stephen Kim, who used his pulpit as a platform to help bring down the country's authoritarian leaders and instill democracy, died Monday at the age of 86, a church official said.
The cardinal, also known as Kim Sou Hwan, was a staunch advocate of human rights and one of the key figures in bringing democracy to a country where military strongmen ruled for decades.
Kim became a cardinal in 1968 and expanded the Catholic Church in South Korea by appealing to students, workers and the educated.
"He expressed his deep interest and grave concern for the repressed and the underprivileged and did not hesitate to speak out on the oppressive political situation," according to his biography on his personal Web site.
Kim became an international figure in 1986 and 1987, when tens of thousands of South Koreans took to the streets in rallies calling for the end of military rule and the start of free elections.
His red brick cathedral in central Seoul became a rallying point for protests. Kim, who gave refuge to protesters sought by the police, called on the president at the time, Chun Doo Hwan, to allow for the country's first open presidential elections.
"He awakened the values of human rights and social justice in the South Korean society, guiding the nation towards democratization," said Ro Kil Myung, an expert on religion and a sociology professor at Korea University.
For many in South Korea, Kim was the moral conscience of the struggle.
"He was not politically motivated in spearheading the democracy movement," Ro said. "His actions were rather based on the spirit of Catholicism."
Kim delivered stinging sermons from his pulpit calling for democracy while the opposition leaders Kim Dae Jung and Kim Young Sam, who would both later become president, sat in front rows.
After the democracy struggles that resulted in South Korea's first open presidential election in 1987, Kim fought for better human rights protections for migrant foreign workers and for Japan to take greater responsibility for the damage it caused during its 1910-1945 colonial rule over Korea.
The number of Catholics in South Korea increased more than sixfold while Kim was cardinal, reaching 5.1 million in 2005 among a population of about 49 million, according to government figures.
Correction:
Notes:
Copyright © 2009 The International Herald Tribune www.iht.com
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Monday, February 16, 2009
SEOUL: The first South Korean Roman Catholic cardinal, Stephen Kim, who used his pulpit as a platform to help bring down the country's authoritarian leaders and instill democracy, died Monday at the age of 86, a church official said.
The cardinal, also known as Kim Sou Hwan, was a staunch advocate of human rights and one of the key figures in bringing democracy to a country where military strongmen ruled for decades.
Kim became a cardinal in 1968 and expanded the Catholic Church in South Korea by appealing to students, workers and the educated.
"He expressed his deep interest and grave concern for the repressed and the underprivileged and did not hesitate to speak out on the oppressive political situation," according to his biography on his personal Web site.
Kim became an international figure in 1986 and 1987, when tens of thousands of South Koreans took to the streets in rallies calling for the end of military rule and the start of free elections.
His red brick cathedral in central Seoul became a rallying point for protests. Kim, who gave refuge to protesters sought by the police, called on the president at the time, Chun Doo Hwan, to allow for the country's first open presidential elections.
"He awakened the values of human rights and social justice in the South Korean society, guiding the nation towards democratization," said Ro Kil Myung, an expert on religion and a sociology professor at Korea University.
For many in South Korea, Kim was the moral conscience of the struggle.
"He was not politically motivated in spearheading the democracy movement," Ro said. "His actions were rather based on the spirit of Catholicism."
Kim delivered stinging sermons from his pulpit calling for democracy while the opposition leaders Kim Dae Jung and Kim Young Sam, who would both later become president, sat in front rows.
After the democracy struggles that resulted in South Korea's first open presidential election in 1987, Kim fought for better human rights protections for migrant foreign workers and for Japan to take greater responsibility for the damage it caused during its 1910-1945 colonial rule over Korea.
The number of Catholics in South Korea increased more than sixfold while Kim was cardinal, reaching 5.1 million in 2005 among a population of about 49 million, according to government figures.
Correction:
Notes:
Copyright © 2009 The International Herald Tribune www.iht.com
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(2보)(μμΈ=μ°ν©λ΄μ€) μ μ²κΈ° κΈ°μ = νκ΅ κ°ν¨λ¦κ³λ₯Ό λννλ μΈλ¬Όμ΄μ μ μ μ μ§μ£Ό μν μ ν΄μ¨ κΉμν μΆκΈ°κ²½μ΄ 16μΌ μ€ν 6μ12λΆκ» κ°λ¨μ±λͺ¨λ³μμμ μ μ’ (εη΅γμκ±°λ₯Ό λ»νλ μ²μ£Όκ΅ μ©μ΄)νλ€. ν₯λ 87μΈ. 1922λ 5μ λꡬμμ μΆμν κ³ μΈμ 1951λ μ¬μ νμ λ°μκ³ 1966λ μ΄λ λ§μ°κ΅κ΅¬μ₯μ κ±°μ³ 1968λ λμ£Όκ΅λ‘ μΉνν λ€ μμΈλκ΅κ΅¬μ₯μ μ¬λλ€. 1969λ κ΅ν© λ°μ€λ‘ 6μΈμ μν΄ νκ΅μΈ μ΅μ΄ μΆκΈ°κ²½μΌλ‘ μμλ κ³ μΈμ μ²μ£Όκ΅ μ£Όκ΅νμ μμ₯, μμμ μ²μ£Όκ΅ μ£Όκ΅νμ κ΅¬μ± μ€λΉμμμ₯ λ±μ μμν λ€ 1998λ μ λ (75μΈ)μ λκΈ°λ©΄μ μμΈλκ΅κ΅¬μ₯μμ μν΄νλ€.
Friday, February 13, 2009
Statement by Historians in South Korea and Overseas Signatories to the Statement (November 10, 2008) South Korea
μ κ΅ λ° ν΄μΈ μμ¬νμ μ μΈ
λ°©κΈ°μ€(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κ°κΈΈμ€(κ²½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κ°λλ―Ό(κ²½μ±λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κ°λͺ κΈΈ(μμΈμ립λ λνμ) κ°λ¬Έμ(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ³ λμ¬λΆκ³Ό) κ°λ―Έμ(κ²½μ±λ νκ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) κ°λ―Όμ² (κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬κ³Όμ ) κ°λ³μ(μμ¬μ€νν νμ₯) κ°λ΄λ£‘(λͺ©ν¬λ κ΅μ) κ°λ΄μ(κ²½μ£Όλ λ¬Ένμ¬νλΆ) κ°μ±κΈΈ(κ΄μμ μ² κ³ κ΅μ¬) κ°μ±λ΄(μ±κ· κ΄λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κ°μ±νΈ(μμ²λ μΈλ¬ΈνλΆ κ΅μ) κ°μκ²½(μλͺ μ¬λ) κ°μΌν΄(μμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κ°μ¬κ΄(κ²½κΈ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) κ°μ μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κ°μ μ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) κ°νκΆ(κ³λͺ λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κ°νκ²½(μλͺ μ¬λ κ΅μ) κ°νλΌ(κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) κ°νΈμ (μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λνμ) κ°ν¨μ(μ§μ€νν΄μμν) κ³ λν(νκ΅κ³ΌνκΈ°μ μ μΈλ¬Έμ¬νκ³ΌνλΆ κ΅μ) κ³ μμ§(κ΄μ£Όλ κ΅μ) κ³ μ(κ²½ν¬λ) κ³ μ ν΄(ν¬ν곡λ μΈλ¬Έμ¬ννλΆ κ΅μ) κ³ μ§ν(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) κ³ νμ(κ°ν¨λ¦λ) κ³½μ°¨μ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ꡬλν(κ³ μ²κ³ κ΅μ¬) ꡬλμ(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν μ€μΈμ¬2λΆκ³Ό) ꡬλ§μ₯(κ²½ν¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ꡬμ°μ°(μ°½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ꡬμν(μΈλͺ λ κ΅μ) κΆκΈ°μ² (λΆμ°μΈλ κ²½μ νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΆλ΄ν(κ³ λ €λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) κΆλμ(λΆμ°μΈλ κ΅μ) κΆμ°μ (κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΆμκ΅(μμ€λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΆμλ°°(κ³μ±μ€ κ΅μ¬) κΆμμ€(λμ μ€νκ΅) κΆμ€μ(νμ λ κ΅μ) κΆμ€μ€(μλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό) κΆμμ£Ό(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό) κΆμΈν(μ μ£Όλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΆνμ΅(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΈ°κ²½λ(μμΈλ λνμ) κΈ°κ΄μ(μ‘°μ λ κ΅μ) κΉκ±΄ν(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ κ΅μ) κΉκ²½λ¨(νμ΅μλν μ°κ΅¬μ) κΉκ²½λ(μ±κ· κ΄λ λλλ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) κΉκ²½λ(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) κΉκ²½μ₯(λͺ©ν¬λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) κΉκ²½μΌ(νκ΅νμ€μμ°κ΅¬μ κ΅μ) κΉκ΄μ² (λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉκΈ°λ΄(κ²½κΈ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉκΈ°μ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉκΈ°μΉ(μμ²ν₯λ κ΅μ) κΉκΈ°μ£Ό(νΈλ¨μ¬νν κ΅μ) κΉλ¨μ(μΆ©λ¨νΈμκ³ ) κΉλ¨μ(μμΈμ°μ λ κ΅μ) κΉλ¨μ€(μμ¬νμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉλλ(μ λΌλ κ²½μ νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉλν(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉλν(κ΅λ―Όλ) κΉλ(μμΈμ°μ λ κ΅μ) κΉλμ(μ λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉλμ (μ μ£Όλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉλμ§(νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ°μ¬) κΉλμ² (λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉλν(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉλ½κΈ°(μΈνλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) κΉλͺ μ§(κ²½λΆλ κ°μ¬) κΉλ¬΄μ§(κ³λͺ λ κ΅μ) κΉλ¬ΈκΈ°(λΆκ²½λ μ¬νκ³Ό) κΉλ¬Έμ(λ¨κ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉλ―Έμ½(μ±μ μ¬λ μΈλ¬Έκ³Όνμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) κΉλ―Έν(μ±κ· κ΄λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉλ―Όμ(νμλ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉλ―Όμ² (λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ) κΉλ°°μ² (μ²μ£Όκ΅λ κ΅μ) κΉλ°±μ² (μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) κΉλ³μ°(λꡬνμλ) κΉλ³΄μ(νμλ κ°μ¬) κΉλ΄λ ¬(κ²½λ¨λ μΈλ¬ΈνλΆ κ΅μ) κΉμ κ²½(μμ¬νμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ λ―Έ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) κΉμ νΈ(νκ΅νμ€μμ°κ΅¬μ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ±λ³΄(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό λΆκ΅μ) κΉμ±μ°(λꡬνμλ κ΅μ) κΉμ±μ€(μμΈλ λνμ) κΉμΈλ΄(λ¨κ΅λ λμνμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμλ¨(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν νλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) κΉμν(νμλ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμλ(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ° μ μμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμμ(νμ λ νμ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) κΉμΉ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) κΉμΉν(λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μμ) κΉμν©(κ²½λΆλ νλ¬Ένκ³Ό λͺ μκ΅μ) κΉμ°ν¬(μμΈμ립λ λνμ) κΉμλ―Έ(κ΅λ―ΌλμΌλ³Ένμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμλ―Έ(μ΄νμ¬λ μ¬νμ 곡 κ΅μ) κΉμλ²(λꡬλ κ΅μ) κΉμμ§(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμν¬(μ°μΈλ κ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ©μ (νλ¦Όλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉμ©ν (μ°μΈλ κ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) κΉμ°ν(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ νΈ(μμΈμ립λ μμΈνμ°κ΅¬μ μμμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ€κ²½(μμΈλ μμμ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) κΉμκ²½(μλͺ μ¬λ) κΉμμ(νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉμν(μΆ©λΆλ) κΉμ΅ν(λͺ μ§λ κΈ°λ‘μ 보과νμ λ¬Έλνμ κ΅μ) κΉμΈκ±Έ(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉμΈνΈ(κ΄μ΄λ κ΅μνλΆ κ΅μ) κΉμΈνΈ(νμμ¬μ΄λ²λ κ΅μ) κΉμ¬μ (κ³ λ €λ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ μ(μλ¨λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉμ μΈ(μΆμ²κ΅λ κ΅μ) κΉμ’ μ(μλͺ μ¬λ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ’ μ€(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ° μ μμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ£Όλ(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό) κΉμ£Όμ(λ 립기λ κ΄ νκ΅λ 립μ΄λμ¬μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ£Όμ(νκ΅μ λ Έμ¬μ΄λμ°κ΅¬ν) κΉμ€ν(μ€μλ κ°μ¬) κΉμ€ν(κ²½μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉμ§μ(μ λ¨λ λ²νκ³Ό λΆκ΅μ) κΉμ§μ°(κ΅λ¦½μ€μλ°λ¬Όκ΄) κΉμ§μ(μλͺ μ¬λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ§ν¬(μλͺ μ¬λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ§μ(λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ§ν(νκ΅νμ€μμ°κ΅¬μ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ°½λ‘(κ²½λΆλ λ²κ³Όλν κ΅μ) κΉμΆ©ν(μΆ©λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό) κΉνμ(κ²½ν¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό λͺ μκ΅μ) κΉνμ°(μμΈλ κ°μ¬) κΉνμ (μμΈλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉνμ’ (νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉνκΈ°(λκ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉνμ(λλΆμμμ¬μ¬λ¨ μ°κ΅¬μμ) κΉνκ΅(ν¬νν΄μκ³Όνκ³ ) κΉνμ(νκ΅κ΅νμ§ν₯μ) κΉνΈλ²(λΆμ°λ κ²½μ νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉνμ(μΈμ λ μμ¬κ³ κ³ νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉν¬κ³€(μλλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉν¬κ΅(κ΄μ΄λ κ΅μ) κΉν¬μ (μμΈμ립λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) λμ μ(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ·Όλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) λν¬λΌ(μ§μ£Όμ°μ λ κ΅μνλΆ κ΅μ) λ¨κΈ°ν(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) λ¨λμ (λμ±μ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ¨λ¬΄ν¬(κ΅λ―Όλ) λ¨λ―Έμ (λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό) λ¨μ¬μ°(μ°½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ¨μ’ κ΅(λκ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ¨μ§λ(μμλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) λ¨μ² νΈ(λꡬμ¬νν) λ Έλͺ ν(νκ΅μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ ΈμκΈ°(μ‘°μ λ) λ Έμ€κ΅(κ³λͺ λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λλ©΄ν(λμ λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) λνμ² (μ°μΈλ κ΅μ) λΌμ μ(μλͺ μ¬λ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) λ₯μΉλ ¬(κ°μλ κ΅μ) λ₯μμ² (μλ¨λ κ°μ¬) λ₯μν(μμ°λ μκ°κ°μ¬) λ₯μ€λ²(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) λ₯νμ(μλͺ λ κ΅μ) λ₯νν¬(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ³ λμ¬λΆκ³Ό) λ¬Έμν(κ²½ν¬λ μΈλ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) λ¬Έμμ£Ό(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) λ¬Έμ©μ(κ³ λ €λ κ°μ¬) λ¬Έμ©νΈ(μμ°μ μΌκ³ ) λ¬Έμ€μ(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ¬Έμ°½λ‘(κ΅λ―Όλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ―ΌλκΈ°(μ²μ£Όλ μμ¬λ¬Έν κ΅μ) λ―Όμ κΈ°(κ΄μ΄λ κ΅μνλΆ μ‘°κ΅μ) λ°κ±΄μ£Ό(μ λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) λ°κ±Έμ(μΆ©λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°κ²½μ(κ°λ¦λ μΌλ³Ένκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°κ΄λͺ (λκ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬κ³Όμ ) λ°κ΄μ°(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν μ€μΈμ¬1λΆκ³Ό) λ°λμ¬(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°λ§κ·(μ λ¨λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°λ§Ήμ(μκ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μμ² (μ λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ μ (λλͺ λ κ΅μ) λ°μ±μ€(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) λ°μν(λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ) λ°μμ€(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ°λ£‘(μκ°λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) λ°μμ©(λΆκ²½λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μν(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) λ°μ λ―Έ(μλͺ λ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) λ°μ€μ (μν΄λ³΅λ¨λ νκ΅μ°κ΅¬μ€μ¬) λ°μ€μ¬(μ°μΈλ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) λ°μκ²½(λμλ κ³ κ³ λ―Έμ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μκ²½(λμλ κ³ κ³ λ―Έμ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μμ(μμΈμμ¬νΈμ°¬μμν) λ°μ μ (μλͺ μ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό) λ°μ’ κΈ°(κ΅λ―Όλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ’ λ¦°(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) λ°μ’ μ§(μλͺ μ¬λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ€μ±(μμ¬νμ°κ΅¬μ) λ°μ€ν(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ³ λμ¬λΆκ³Ό) λ°μ§μ(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬) λ°μ§λΉ(κ²½ν¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ§μ°(μλͺ μ¬λ μΌλ³Ένκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ§ν(λμ§λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ)λ°μ§ν(λͺ μ§λ μ¬νκ³Ό μ‘°κ΅μ) λ°μ§ν¬(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν νλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) λ°μ°¬κ·(λ¨κ΅λ λμνμ°κ΅¬μ) λ°μ°¬λ¬Έ(μ μ£Όλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ°¬μΉ(νμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ°¬ν₯(κ³ λ €λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) λ°μ²μ(κ²½λΆλ κ΅μ) λ°μ² ν(μμ€λ κ°μ¬) λ°νκ· (μμΈλ κ΅μ) λ°νμ(μ²μ£Όκ΅λ μ¬νκ³Όκ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°νμ(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) λ°νΈμ±(μκ°λ κ΅μ) λ°νμ§(λΆκ²½λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°ν(μμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°ν₯μ(μμΈλ μμμ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°λ³λ₯ (νκ΅μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°©μ§μ(μ λΌλ κ΅μ) λ°°λ³μ±(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) λ°°μλ§(λΆμ°λ νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) λ°°μμ(μλ¨λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°°μμ(μ΄νμ¬λ) λ°±κΈΈλ¨(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬μ‘Έμ ) λ°±μΉμ₯(λΆμ°κ²½λ¨μ¬νν) λ°±μΉμ² (μ°μΈλ κ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ κ΅μ) λ°±μλ―Έ λ°±μμ(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ³κ΄μ(λΆμ°λ κ°μ¬) λ³λλͺ (μ λ¨λ μ΄μμ ν΄μλ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ λΆκ΅μ) λ³μ μ¬(λꡬκ°ν¨λ¦λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό μΈλκ°μ¬) μλͺ μΌ(κ³ λ €λ λ°λ¬Όκ΄) μμ건(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) μμΈμ(νμ±λ κ°μ¬) μμ 볡(μΆ©λ¨λ λͺ μκ΅μ) μμ ν(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μμ’ ν(νΈλ¨κ΅νμ¬μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ€μ₯) μμ€μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ±λ°±μ©(νλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μνμ(νμλ) μλμ (νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ·Όλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μλ³κ·(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ HKκ΅μ) μμΉν(μλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μμ λ―Έ(λκ°μΌλ°λ¬Όκ΄) μμ² λ°°(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ) μ‘κ·λ²(μμλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ‘μ©λ(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) μ‘μ μ(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ° μ°κ΅¬μ) μ‘μ°¬μ(λ°©μ‘λ λ¬Ένκ΅μνκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ‘νΈμ(κ³λͺ λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ‘νΈμ (νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ κ²½μ² (λΆμ°λ κ³ κ³ νκ³Ό) μ λν(λλμ¬λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό μ 곡) μ λ―Όμ² (μμΈλ κ³Όνμ¬λ°κ³Όνμ² ν λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ μΈλΌ(λͺ¨μ€ν¬λ°κ΅λ¦½λ μμ¬νλΆ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ μμ² (μκ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ μμ(μλͺ μ¬λ λ€λ¬Ένν΅ν©μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ μν¬(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ μμ (λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ μ£Όλ°±(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) μ νκ°(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ¬μ¬μ(λ°©μ‘λ κ°μ¬) μ¬μ¬μ°(νκ΅νμ€μμ°κ΅¬μ κ΅μ) μ¬μ¬ν(λ¨κ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ¬μ² κΈ°(μ°μΈλ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μλ³μ°(νμ λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μν(λΆμ°κ²½λ¨μ¬νν) μλͺ μ(μ΄νμ¬λ) μλ―Έμ(λμλ κ°μ¬) μμμ§(μΌκ΄΄μ€) μμν(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μμ μ¬(μ±κ· κ΄λ) μμ ν(λΆμ°λ κ΅μ) μν₯μ(λΆμ°λ νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ) μ¬νΈκ·(νκ΅μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό λΆκ΅μ) μ°κ°μ(μμΈμμ¬λ°λ¬Όκ΄) μΌλ³΅κ·(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μΌμ΄μ₯(κ³ λ €λ) μΌμ μ(μ λΆλ HKκ΅μ) μλμ΄(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ€λ³΄κ²½(μΆ©λ¨λ λνμ μμ¬κ³Όμ ) μ€λΆμ€(μΈλλ κ΅μ) μ€μμ°½(νλ¦Όλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€μκ΅(μ°μΈλ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€μΈν(λΆμ°κ΅λ μ¬νκ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€μ μ°(κ΄μ£Όμ¬λ κ΅μ) μ€μ μ°(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λνμ) μ€μ’ λ‘(μ±μ μ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό λΆκ΅μ) μ€νλ (μΆ©λΆλ) μ€ν₯μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό μκ°κ°μ¬) μνμ’ (μ°μΈλ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ°μΈμ(κ²½λΆλ κ΅μ) μμλ―Έ(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μμμ(μλ¨λ λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ) μ κ²½μ(μμ¬νμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ μΉμ(κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ) μ μΉν¬(μμΈμ립λ HKκ΅μ) μ μμ₯(λΆμ°λ μΈλ¬Ένκ΅ HKμ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ μ₯κ·Ό(κ²½λ¨λ κ΅μ) μ μ¬κ±΄(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ ν(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ νκ²½(κ³ λ Ήκ΅° λκ°μΌλ°λ¬Όκ΄) μ νμ¬(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) μ€κ²½λ‘(νμ±λ μ΄μ₯) μ€κ²½μ§(κ²½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€λμ(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ° μ± μμ°κ΅¬μ) μ€λμ(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ€μμ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬κ³Όμ ) μ€μ©μΆ(λΆμ°λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€μ©ν(곡주λ κ΅μ) μ€μμ(κ²½ν¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ€μ¬μ(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€μ§ν(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό) μμ ν(λλ¦Όλ κ°μ¬) μ΄κ°λ(μ λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄κ°ν(μΈνλ BK21μ¬μ λ¨) μ΄κ°μ(κ²½λΆλμ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄κ²½κ΅¬(μ λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄κ²½κ΅¬(νλ¦Όλ νλ¦Όκ³Όνμ HKμ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ΄κ²½λ―Έ(νκ΅μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ΄κ΄μ(λΆμ°μΈλ λ¬μμμΈλν΅μνλΆ κ΅μ) μ΄κ΄μ±(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ΄κ·μ² (κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) μ΄κΈ°μ(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄κΈ°ν(λͺ©ν¬λ μμ¬λ¬ΈννλΆ κ΅μ) μ΄λμΈ(μμκ²½μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄λν(νμλ κ°μ¬) μ΄λͺ μ (μλͺ μ¬λ μμ¬κ³Όμ ) μ΄λͺ μ(κ²½ν¬λ) μ΄λ¬ΈκΈ°(κ²½λΆλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄λ―Όμ(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λνμ) μ΄λ³λ‘(μ±κ· κ΄λ) μ΄λ³ν΄(κ²½λΆλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό λͺ μκ΅μ) μ΄λ³ν¬(νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μκΈΈ(κ²½λ¨λ κ΅μ) μ΄μμ(μ°μΈλ κ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄μμ°¬(μμΈλ κ΅μ) μ΄μκ·(νμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ΄μ±μ(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ° μ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄μ±μ£Ό(κ°λ¦λ μ¬νκ³Ό λΆκ΅μ) μ΄μ±ν(κ³λͺ λ μΌλ³Ένκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μΈμ(νμ λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ‘μ(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ·Όλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μ΄μ‘ν¬(μ λΌλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μμ(λ―Όμ£Όνμ΄λκΈ°λ μ¬μ ν) μ΄μν(μλ¨λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μΉλ ¬(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ΄μΉλ―Ό(κ°ν¨λ¦λ λνμμ) μ΄μΉλ―Ό(λκ΅λ κ°μ¬) μ΄μ μ² (μ±κ· κ΄λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ΄μ μ(μ°μΈλ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ΄μμ(κ΄μ£Όλ μΈκ΅μ΄νλΆ κ΅μ) μ΄μμ (κ²½κΈ°λ λ°λ¬Όκ΄) μ΄μν(νκ΅μΈλ κ΅μ) μ΄μνΈ(μΈνλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ©κΈ°(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ) μ΄μ©μ¬(μ λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ©μ°½(λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ± μμ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄μ°μ(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν μ€μΈμ¬1λΆκ³Ό) μ΄μ±(νκ΅κ΅νμ§ν₯μ) μ΄μλ°°(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ³ λμ¬μ 곡) μ΄μ€κ°(κ³λͺ λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ€μ(μ°½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μν(μ±κ· κ΄λ) μ΄μ λ―Ό(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ΄μ λΉ(κ²½ν¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ΄μ μ (μμΈλ λνμ) μ΄μ μ(λΆμ°κ°ν¨λ¦λ) μ΄μ μ (νλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ μ(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄μ νΈ(κ³ λ €λ BK21νκ΅μ¬νκ΅μ‘μ°κ΅¬λ¨) μ΄μ ν(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν μ€μΈμ¬1λΆκ³Ό) μ΄μ’ λ²(μ‘°μ λ κ΅μ) μ΄μ’ λ΄(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ’ μ(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ£Όν(νλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ£Όν(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν νλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μ΄μ€κ΅¬(λꡬνμλ κ΅μ) μ΄μ§λͺ¨(νλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ§μ₯(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ΄μ§ν(κ³ λ €λ κ΅μ) μ΄νν(μ°μΈλ κ°μ¬) μ΄νμ(λμ¬λ λ) μ΄νμ(λΆμ°κ²½λ¨μ¬νν) μ΄νμ(λμ λ κ΅μ) μ΄νμ€(μμΈμ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ΄ν΄μ€(곡주λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄νμ(μ΄νμ¬λ νκ΅λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄νμ§(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) μ΄νμ°(μλ¨λ κ΅μ) μ΄νλ―Ό(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ΄νμ₯(νκ΅μΈλ) μ΄νΈλ£‘(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν νλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μ΄νλ³(λ±μ΄κ³ κ΅μ¬) μ΄ν¨ν(λΆμ°λ νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μκ²½μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μλ―Όν(μμ¬μ€νν μ΄λ¬΄μ΄μ¬) μλ³ν(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μμ ν(μ λ¨λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μμΈκΆ(μλλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μμ‘μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μνμ±(μΈνλ νκ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ κ΅μ) μνμ(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ΄μμμ) μνλ ¨(μλͺ μ¬λ κ°μ¬) μ₯λν(λΆμ°λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ₯λ―Έμ (κ°ν¨λ¦λ) μ₯λ³μΈ(μΆ©λ¨λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ₯μ ν(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ₯μ±μ€(νμ λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬κ³Όμ ) μ₯μΈλ£‘(λΆμ°λ νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ HKκ΅μ) μ₯μ (μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ₯μ°μ₯(κ³λͺ λνκ΅ νκ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ λ°©λ¬Έκ΅μ) μ₯μλ―Ό(μμ§λ κ΅μ) μ₯μμ(μλͺ λ) μ₯μ€μ² (μκ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ κ²½μ(μλͺ μ¬λ λ°μ¬) μ κ΅μμ¬κ΅μ¬λͺ¨μ() μ λμ¬(κ²½μ£Όλ κ΅μκ³Όμ λΆ κ΅μ) μ λͺ ν(νκ΅μΈλ) μ μμ(λΆμ°λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ μμ±(μμΈμ립λ λνμμ) μ μμ€(μ€μλ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ μ°μ©(μμΈλλ³μ λ³μμμ¬λ¬ΈνμΌν° κ΅μ) μ μ ν(κ΅λ―Όλ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ μ§μ±(λΆμ°κ΅λ μ¬νκ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ νμ(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ νν(μ λ¨λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ νΈν(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ λλ½(λκ°μΌλ°λ¬Όκ΄) μ λμ€(μ±κ· κ΄λBK21μ¬μ λ¨ λ°μ¬νμ°κ΅¬μ) μ λν(μμΈλ λνμ) μ λ―Έμ±(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ λ³μΌ(μλͺ μ¬λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ λ³μ±(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ μ±μΌ(κ΄μ£Όμ¬λ κ΅μ) μ μκ΅(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ·Όλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μ μ°ν(κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ μκ·Ό(μλͺ μ¬λ λ€λ¬Ένν΅ν©μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ μ©μ±(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ μ¬ν(κ²½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ μ¬ν(μμΈλ HKμ°κ΅¬μ) μ μ§μ(κ²½μλ μ¬ννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ μ§μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ μ§μ(μλλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ μ°½λ ¬(νμλ λͺ μκ΅μ) μ μ°½ν(κ΅λ―Όλ κ΅μκ³Όμ λΆ κ²Έμκ΅μ) μ νν(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ νμ(μλͺ μ¬λ λ€λ¬Ένν΅ν©μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ ν΄μ(κ΅°μ¬νΈμ°¬μ°κ΅¬μ) μ νλ°±(μ±κ· κ΄λ κ΅μ) μ νΈν(μ°μΈλ κ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ) μ‘°κ²½μ² (μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ‘°κ΄(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ‘°κ·ν(νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±μ΄λμ¬νν μ°κ΅¬μ΄μ¬) μ‘°λμ(μμΈλ κ°μ¬) μ‘°λͺ κ·Ό(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ‘°λ―Έμ(μ±κ· κ΄λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ‘°λ³λ‘(κ²½κΈ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ‘°μ±μ΄(κ΅ν λν μΈλ¬Έκ³Όνμ°κ΅¬μ) μ‘°μΈμ΄(λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ‘°μΈν(λΆκ²½λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ‘°μΉλ(μ²μ£Όλ κ΅μ) μ‘°μκ΄(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ‘°μλ(μμ²λ μ¬νμ 곡 κ΅μ) μ‘°μμ₯(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ‘°μ€μ (μ²μ£Όλ κ΅μ) μ‘°μ¬κ³€(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ·Όλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μ‘°μ€ν¬(λμ’ κ΅) μ£Όκ²½λ―Έ(λΆκ²½λ μΈλ¬Έμ¬νκ³Όνμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ£Όλͺ μ² (νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ£Όμ μ(λꡬκ΅μ‘λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ§μμ(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ°¨λ―Έν¬(μ΄νμ¬λ μ¬νμνκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ°¨μ ν(κ²½ν¬λ) μ°¨μΈλ°°(λκ΅λ κ°μ¬) μ°¨μ² μ±(λΆμ°λ νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ) μ±μμ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ±μ μ(κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅κ°μ(μμΈλ μμμ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅κ²½μ (μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬μ‘Έμ ) μ΅λκ²½(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅λ³΄μ(λκ΅λ λνμ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ΅μ°μ(λͺ©ν¬λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅μ°μ£Ό(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅μμ¬(κΉν΄μΈκ΅μ΄κ³ ) μ΅μν(μ λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅μκ·(λΆμ°λ κ΅μ) μ΅μ€μ€(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅μμ§(νμλ μμ¬κ³Όμ ) μ΅μΈκΈ°(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν μ€μΈμ¬2λΆκ³Ό) μ΅μ§κ·(μ‘°μ λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅ν΄λ£‘(λꡬμ²μλ λμκ΅μ‘μ) μ΅νλ―Έ(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ΅νμ£Ό(νμλ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ΅νμ‘°(κ²½λΆλ κ°μ¬) νμΈλ΄(νκ΅ν΄μλ λμμμνκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ μ(λΆμ°λ) νμΌμ(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ’ λ¬Έ(νμ λ μΌλ³Έμ§μνκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ§μ(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό) νλͺ κ·Ό(μμ€λ λ°λ¬Όκ΄) νλͺ κΈ°(λͺ μ§λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νλͺ¨λκΉ(κ°ν¨λ¦λ) νλ¬Έμ’ (μ λΆλ κ΅μ) νλ΄μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) νμκΆ(λμ±μ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ±λ―Ό(λκ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) νμ±μ±(νκ΅λ¬Ένμ μ°μ°κ΅¬μ) νμΉν(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬μλ£) νμμ€(λ¨κ΅λ μμ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ΄μ(κ³ λ €λ κ΅μ) νμ μ(μμΈλ μμμ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ ν(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) νμ°½κ· (νλ¨λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ² νΈ(λκ΅λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) ννꡬ(μ±κ³΅νλ κ΅μ) νν¬μ(μλͺ μ¬λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ν¨μμ(κ΅λ¦½λꡬλ°λ¬Όκ΄) νμ(λλμ¬λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) νμ ν(νμ΅λ κ°μ¬) νμλ(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ(μμλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) νμμ(νκ΅νμ€μμ°κ΅¬μ μ₯μκ° μ°κ΅¬μ) νμ(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ’ (μΆ©λ¨λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ννμ©(κ³ λ €λ κ°μ¬) νμ¬μ΄(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) νμ’ μ² (κ²½ν¬λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) νλ¬ΈκΈ°(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) νμλ₯ (μ±μ μ¬λ μ‘°κ΅μ) νμκΆ(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμλ―Ό(λͺ μ§λ κ΅μ) νμκΈ°(μμ²λ μΈλ¬ΈνλΆ κ΅μ) νμμ(μλͺ μ¬λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) νμ μ(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) ν©λ³μ£Ό(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) ν©λ³΄μμ‘°(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ν©μΈμ (μ΄νμ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό)
Overseas
Charles Armstrong, Professor, Columbia University
Donald Baker, Professor, University of British Columbia
Edward J. Baker, Professor, Hanyang University
Remco E. Breuker, Researcher, Leiden University
Mark Caprio, Professor, Rikkyo University
Edward Chang, Professor, University of California at Riverside
Kornel Chang, Professor, University of Connecticut
Hyaeweol Choi, Professor, Arizona State University
Jennifer Jihye Chun, Professor, University of British Columbia
Hye Seung Chung, Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Michael Chwe, Professor, UCLA
Donald N. Clark, Professor, Trinity University
Nicole Cohen, Postdoctoral Fellow, Columbia University
Bruce Cumings, Professor, University of Chicago
Lisa Kim Davis, Professor, UCLA
Brett de Bary, Professor, Cornell University
Koen De Ceuster, Professor, Leiden University
John DiMoia, Professor, National University of Singapore
Jamie Doucette, Lecturer, University of British Columbia
Alexis Dudden, Professor, University of Connecticut
John Duncan, Professor, UCLA
Thomas Duvernay, Professor, Handong Global University
Carter J. Eckert, Professor, Harvard University
Marion Eggert, Professor, Ruhr University
Henry Em, Professor, Korea University
Stephen Epstein, Professor, Victoria University of Wellington
John Feffer, Editor, Foreign Policy in Focus
Norma Field, Professor, University of Chicago
Takashi Fujitani, Professor, University of California, San Diego
Mel Gurtov, Professor, University of Oregon
Dennis Hart, Professor, University of Pittsburgh
Martin Hart-Landsberg, Professor, Lewis and Clark College
Laura Hein, Professor, Northwestern University
Todd A. Henry, Professor, Colorado State University
Christine Hong, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley
Theodore Hughes, Professor, Columbia University
Kyung Moon Hwang, Professor, University of Southern California
Sheila Miyoshi Jager, Professor, Oberlin College
Roger L. Janelli, Professor, Indiana University
Kelly Jeong, Professor, University of California, Riverside
Jennifer Jung-Kim, Editor, UCLA
George Kallander, Professor, Syracuse University
Namsoon Kang, Professor, Texas Christian University
Ken Kawashima, Professor, University of Toronto
Daniel Y. Kim, Professor, Brown University
Elaine Kim, Professor, University of California, Berkeley
Hyung-A Kim, Professor, Australian National University
Jina Kim, Professor, Smith College
Joy Kim, Professor, Princeton University
Jungwon Kim, Professor, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Kyung Hyun Kim, Professor, University of California, Irvine
Sang-Hyun Kim, Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard University
Sun-Chul Kim, Professor, Barnard College/Columbia University
Sun Joo Kim, Professor, Harvard University
Suzy Kim, Professor, Boston College
Taik Kyun Kim, Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Thomas P. Kim, Professor, Scripps College
Youngnan Kim-Paik, Professor, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Ross King, Professor, University of British Columbia
Lev R. Kontsevich, Researcher, Russian Academy of Sciences
Hagen Koo, Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
J. Victor Koschmann, Professor, Cornell University
Tae Yang Kwak, Professor, Ramapo College of New Jersey
Nayoung Aimee Kwon, Professor, Duke University
Gari Ledyard, Professor, Columbia University
Eun-Jeung Lee, Professor, Free University Berlin
James Kyung-Jin Lee, Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara
Namhee Lee, Professor, UCLA
Timothy S. Lee, Professor, Texas Christian University
Walter K. Lew, Professor, University of Miami
John Lie, Professor, University of California, Berkeley
Ramsay Liem, Professor, Boston College
Richard D. McBride, Professor, Brigham Young University
Gavan McCormack, Professor, Australian National University
Yong Soon Min, Professor, University of California, Irvine
Seungsook Moon, Professor, Vassar College
Jane Myong, Professor, Sinclair Community College
Sung-Deuk Oak, Professor, UCLA
Robert Oppenheim, Professor, University of Texas, Austin
Hyung Il Pai, Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara
Gary Pak, Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Albert L. Park, Professor, Claremont McKenna College
Andrew Sung Park, Professor, United Theological Seminary
Chan Park, Professor, Ohio State University
Eugene Y. Park, Professor, University of California, Irvine
Jin Young Park, Professor, American University
Pori Park, Professor, Arizona State University
Samuel Perry, Professor, Brown University
Michael J. Pettid, Professor, State University of New York at Binghamton
Leslie Pincus, Professor, University of Michigan
Janet Poole, Professor, University of Toronto
Jorge Rafael Di Masi, Professor, National University of La Plata
Michael E. Robinson, Professor, Indiana University
Lawrence Rogers, Professor, University of Hawaii at Hilo
Alfredo Romero Castilla, Professor, National University of Mexico
Youngju Ryu, Professor, University of Michigan
Naoki Sakai, Professor, Cornell University
Wesley Sasaki-Uemura, Professor, University of Utah
Werner Sasse, Professor, University of Hamburg
Andre Schmid, Professor, University of Toronto
Mark Selden, Professor, State University of New York at Binghamton
Jungmin Seo, Professor, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Gi-Wook Shin, Professor, Stanford University
Edward J. Shultz, Professor, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Tatiana Simbirtseva, Lecturer, Russian State University for the Humanities
Eric Sirotkin, Chair, National Lawyers Guild Korean Peace Project
Min Suh Son, Professor, Johns Hopkins University
Jesook Song, Professor, University of Toronto
Min Hyoung Song, Professor, Boston College
Jae-Jung Suh, Professor, SAIS-Johns Hopkins University
Serk Bae Suh, Professor, University of California, Irvine
Seung Hye Suh, Professor, Scripps College
Vladimir Tikhonov (Pak Noja), Professor, Oslo University
Jun Uchida, Professor, Stanford University
So Jung Um, Graduate Student, University of Michigan
Luc Walhain, Professor, St. Thomas University
Boudewijn Walraven, Professor, Leiden University
Kenneth Wells, Professor, Australian National University
Rob Wilson, Professor, University of California, Santa Cruz
Hyangsoon Yi, Professor, University of Georgia
Theodore Jun Yoo, Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Kyoim Yun, Professor, University of Kansas
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Sent by: Do Myoun-Hoi [To Myon-hoe], Chairperson, Organization of Korean Historians (Han’guk yoksa yon’guhoe)
Translated and forwarded by the Steering Committee, Alliance of Scholars Concerned about Korea (ASCK)
Statement by Historians in South Korea and OverseasWe [the undersigned] demand that the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology stop the revision of [high school] history textbooks, undermining the principle of political neutrality in education.
On October 8th, twenty one academic associations related to the field of history held a press conference, criticizing the government’s plan to revise modern Korean history textbooks [used in high schools].The following day, the Joint Committee for the Resolution of the History Textbook Issue, composed of 39 groups – including the National Association of History Teachers, National University Workers’ Union, and Asia Peace and History Education Network – also held a press conference in front of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology.They did so because, instead of safeguarding political neutrality in education and respecting historical expertise, the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology has brought about a crisis in historical research and education. But the Ministry has refused to acknowledge such criticism/opposition, and continues to stick to its plans for revision.On October 15th, the Ministry announced that it would “pursue a balanced revision of textbooks by the end of November reflecting the academic and educational perspectives in a comprehensive manner” by utilizing the report submitted by the National Institute ofKorean History entitled “Review of modern Korean history textbooks and Proposed Guidelines for Narration” and the participation of the Association of Experts in History Education made up of teachers, educational professionals and professors.The textbooks that the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology plans to revise had already been reviewed in 2004, 2005 and 2006, and [in those reviews] were not judged to be “left-leaning.” If the revisions are carried out [only] because the new President, Lee Myung-bak, proposed such changes as part of his so-called policy of “normalization of textbooks,” will future administrations also revise textbooks whenever there is a change in government? If that were to happen, political neutrality in education will be undermined, and there will be a proliferation of research on modern Korean history that caters solely to the government in power.Moreover, the way the Ministry has pursued the revision of history textbooks does not conform to the Regulations concerning Textbooks. According to these regulations, the Ministry may order the authors or the publishers to revise the contents, and if such orders go unheeded, the Ministry may revoke its official approval or suspend publication and circulation of the textbooks within one year. But even in such cases, the regulations have no provisions for the direct revision of textbooks by the government [as the government threatens to do].The report submitted by the National Institute of Korean History did make note of 49 different revisions to be made in the textbooks to enhance validity and fairness, avoiding bias in historical interpretation, but did not provide detailed guidelines for the 257 different expressions deemed problematic by the Ministry.It is of grave concern that the current attempt to revise history textbooks appears to be driven by a specific political agenda to homogenize history textbooks, as demanded by the "New Right" and parts of the governing group.First, the Ministry’s revision of history textbooks, by allowing only one historical interpretation, prevents diverse interpretations, based on accumulated historical research,from being reflected in the textbooks. This suppression of diversity leads to the repression of academic freedom in research and publication.Second, the Ministry’s revisions will further narrow the range of historical interpretations that had been guaranteed to some extent under the textbook authorization system. This distortion of the textbook authorization system will result in the publication of authorized textbooks that are no different from the government authored textbooks that were published under the Yushin System. This will result in the infringement of history teachers’ right to teach, and students’ right to learn.Third, the homogenization of history education will undermine students’ creative and spontaneous learning and furthermore hamper the cultivation of open-ended and pluralistic thought necessary in the age of globalization.Because the Ministry’s attempt to revise history textbooks will inevitably lead to the erosion of academic freedom and political neutrality in education, we, the undersigned scholars of history, hereby launch a nation-wide signature campaign and make the following demands:1. The Ministry must respect the research findings of historians and guarantee political neutrality in education.1. The Ministry must listen to the voices of historians and drop its plan to revise history textbooks for political purposes.1. The Ministry must stop exerting unjust external pressure on the publishers and the writers of history textbooks.
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λ°©κΈ°μ€(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κ°κΈΈμ€(κ²½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κ°λλ―Ό(κ²½μ±λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κ°λͺ κΈΈ(μμΈμ립λ λνμ) κ°λ¬Έμ(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ³ λμ¬λΆκ³Ό) κ°λ―Έμ(κ²½μ±λ νκ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) κ°λ―Όμ² (κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬κ³Όμ ) κ°λ³μ(μμ¬μ€νν νμ₯) κ°λ΄λ£‘(λͺ©ν¬λ κ΅μ) κ°λ΄μ(κ²½μ£Όλ λ¬Ένμ¬νλΆ) κ°μ±κΈΈ(κ΄μμ μ² κ³ κ΅μ¬) κ°μ±λ΄(μ±κ· κ΄λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κ°μ±νΈ(μμ²λ μΈλ¬ΈνλΆ κ΅μ) κ°μκ²½(μλͺ μ¬λ) κ°μΌν΄(μμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κ°μ¬κ΄(κ²½κΈ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) κ°μ μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κ°μ μ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) κ°νκΆ(κ³λͺ λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κ°νκ²½(μλͺ μ¬λ κ΅μ) κ°νλΌ(κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) κ°νΈμ (μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λνμ) κ°ν¨μ(μ§μ€νν΄μμν) κ³ λν(νκ΅κ³ΌνκΈ°μ μ μΈλ¬Έμ¬νκ³ΌνλΆ κ΅μ) κ³ μμ§(κ΄μ£Όλ κ΅μ) κ³ μ(κ²½ν¬λ) κ³ μ ν΄(ν¬ν곡λ μΈλ¬Έμ¬ννλΆ κ΅μ) κ³ μ§ν(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) κ³ νμ(κ°ν¨λ¦λ) κ³½μ°¨μ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ꡬλν(κ³ μ²κ³ κ΅μ¬) ꡬλμ(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν μ€μΈμ¬2λΆκ³Ό) ꡬλ§μ₯(κ²½ν¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ꡬμ°μ°(μ°½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ꡬμν(μΈλͺ λ κ΅μ) κΆκΈ°μ² (λΆμ°μΈλ κ²½μ νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΆλ΄ν(κ³ λ €λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) κΆλμ(λΆμ°μΈλ κ΅μ) κΆμ°μ (κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΆμκ΅(μμ€λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΆμλ°°(κ³μ±μ€ 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(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) κΉλ³μ°(λꡬνμλ) κΉλ³΄μ(νμλ κ°μ¬) κΉλ΄λ ¬(κ²½λ¨λ μΈλ¬ΈνλΆ κ΅μ) κΉμ κ²½(μμ¬νμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ λ―Έ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) κΉμ νΈ(νκ΅νμ€μμ°κ΅¬μ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ±λ³΄(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό λΆκ΅μ) κΉμ±μ°(λꡬνμλ κ΅μ) κΉμ±μ€(μμΈλ λνμ) κΉμΈλ΄(λ¨κ΅λ λμνμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμλ¨(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν νλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) κΉμν(νμλ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμλ(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ° μ μμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμμ(νμ λ νμ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) κΉμΉ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) κΉμΉν(λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μμ) κΉμν©(κ²½λΆλ νλ¬Ένκ³Ό λͺ μκ΅μ) κΉμ°ν¬(μμΈμ립λ λνμ) κΉμλ―Έ(κ΅λ―ΌλμΌλ³Ένμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμλ―Έ(μ΄νμ¬λ μ¬νμ 곡 κ΅μ) κΉμλ²(λꡬλ κ΅μ) κΉμμ§(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμν¬(μ°μΈλ κ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ©μ (νλ¦Όλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉμ©ν (μ°μΈλ κ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) κΉμ°ν(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ νΈ(μμΈμ립λ μμΈνμ°κ΅¬μ μμμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ€κ²½(μμΈλ μμμ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) κΉμκ²½(μλͺ μ¬λ) κΉμμ(νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉμν(μΆ©λΆλ) κΉμ΅ν(λͺ μ§λ κΈ°λ‘μ 보과νμ λ¬Έλνμ κ΅μ) κΉμΈκ±Έ(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉμΈνΈ(κ΄μ΄λ κ΅μνλΆ κ΅μ) κΉμΈνΈ(νμμ¬μ΄λ²λ κ΅μ) κΉμ¬μ (κ³ λ €λ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ μ(μλ¨λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉμ μΈ(μΆμ²κ΅λ κ΅μ) κΉμ’ μ(μλͺ μ¬λ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ’ μ€(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ° μ μμ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ£Όλ(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό) κΉμ£Όμ(λ 립기λ κ΄ νκ΅λ 립μ΄λμ¬μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ£Όμ(νκ΅μ λ Έμ¬μ΄λμ°κ΅¬ν) κΉμ€ν(μ€μλ κ°μ¬) κΉμ€ν(κ²½μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉμ§μ(μ λ¨λ λ²νκ³Ό λΆκ΅μ) κΉμ§μ°(κ΅λ¦½μ€μλ°λ¬Όκ΄) κΉμ§μ(μλͺ μ¬λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ§ν¬(μλͺ μ¬λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ§μ(λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) κΉμ§ν(νκ΅νμ€μμ°κ΅¬μ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉμ°½λ‘(κ²½λΆλ λ²κ³Όλν κ΅μ) κΉμΆ©ν(μΆ©λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό) κΉνμ(κ²½ν¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό λͺ μκ΅μ) κΉνμ°(μμΈλ κ°μ¬) κΉνμ (μμΈλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉνμ’ (νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉνκΈ°(λκ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬κ³Όμ ) κΉνμ(λλΆμμμ¬μ¬λ¨ μ°κ΅¬μμ) κΉνκ΅(ν¬νν΄μκ³Όνκ³ ) κΉνμ(νκ΅κ΅νμ§ν₯μ) κΉνΈλ²(λΆμ°λ κ²½μ νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉνμ(μΈμ λ μμ¬κ³ κ³ νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉν¬κ³€(μλλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) κΉν¬κ΅(κ΄μ΄λ κ΅μ) κΉν¬μ (μμΈμ립λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) λμ μ(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ·Όλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) λν¬λΌ(μ§μ£Όμ°μ λ κ΅μνλΆ κ΅μ) λ¨κΈ°ν(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) λ¨λμ (λμ±μ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ¨λ¬΄ν¬(κ΅λ―Όλ) λ¨λ―Έμ (λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό) λ¨μ¬μ°(μ°½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ¨μ’ κ΅(λκ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ¨μ§λ(μμλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) λ¨μ² νΈ(λꡬμ¬νν) λ Έλͺ ν(νκ΅μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ ΈμκΈ°(μ‘°μ λ) λ Έμ€κ΅(κ³λͺ λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λλ©΄ν(λμ λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) λνμ² (μ°μΈλ κ΅μ) λΌμ μ(μλͺ μ¬λ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) λ₯μΉλ ¬(κ°μλ κ΅μ) λ₯μμ² (μλ¨λ κ°μ¬) λ₯μν(μμ°λ μκ°κ°μ¬) λ₯μ€λ²(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) λ₯νμ(μλͺ λ κ΅μ) λ₯νν¬(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ³ λμ¬λΆκ³Ό) λ¬Έμν(κ²½ν¬λ μΈλ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) λ¬Έμμ£Ό(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) λ¬Έμ©μ(κ³ λ €λ κ°μ¬) λ¬Έμ©νΈ(μμ°μ μΌκ³ ) λ¬Έμ€μ(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ¬Έμ°½λ‘(κ΅λ―Όλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ―ΌλκΈ°(μ²μ£Όλ μμ¬λ¬Έν κ΅μ) λ―Όμ κΈ°(κ΄μ΄λ κ΅μνλΆ μ‘°κ΅μ) λ°κ±΄μ£Ό(μ λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) λ°κ±Έμ(μΆ©λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°κ²½μ(κ°λ¦λ μΌλ³Ένκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°κ΄λͺ (λκ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬κ³Όμ ) λ°κ΄μ°(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν μ€μΈμ¬1λΆκ³Ό) λ°λμ¬(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°λ§κ·(μ λ¨λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°λ§Ήμ(μκ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μμ² (μ λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ μ (λλͺ λ κ΅μ) λ°μ±μ€(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) λ°μν(λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ) λ°μμ€(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ°λ£‘(μκ°λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) λ°μμ©(λΆκ²½λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μν(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) λ°μ λ―Έ(μλͺ λ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) λ°μ€μ (μν΄λ³΅λ¨λ νκ΅μ°κ΅¬μ€μ¬) λ°μ€μ¬(μ°μΈλ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) λ°μκ²½(λμλ κ³ κ³ λ―Έμ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μκ²½(λμλ κ³ κ³ λ―Έμ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μμ(μμΈμμ¬νΈμ°¬μμν) λ°μ μ (μλͺ μ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό) λ°μ’ κΈ°(κ΅λ―Όλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ’ λ¦°(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) λ°μ’ μ§(μλͺ μ¬λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ€μ±(μμ¬νμ°κ΅¬μ) λ°μ€ν(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ³ λμ¬λΆκ³Ό) λ°μ§μ(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬) λ°μ§λΉ(κ²½ν¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ§μ°(μλͺ μ¬λ μΌλ³Ένκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ§ν(λμ§λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ)λ°μ§ν(λͺ μ§λ μ¬νκ³Ό μ‘°κ΅μ) λ°μ§ν¬(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν νλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) λ°μ°¬κ·(λ¨κ΅λ λμνμ°κ΅¬μ) λ°μ°¬λ¬Έ(μ μ£Όλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ°¬μΉ(νμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°μ°¬ν₯(κ³ λ €λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) λ°μ²μ(κ²½λΆλ κ΅μ) λ°μ² ν(μμ€λ κ°μ¬) λ°νκ· (μμΈλ κ΅μ) λ°νμ(μ²μ£Όκ΅λ μ¬νκ³Όκ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°νμ(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) λ°νΈμ±(μκ°λ κ΅μ) λ°νμ§(λΆκ²½λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°ν(μμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°ν₯μ(μμΈλ μμμ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°λ³λ₯ (νκ΅μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°©μ§μ(μ λΌλ κ΅μ) λ°°λ³μ±(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) λ°°μλ§(λΆμ°λ νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) λ°°μμ(μλ¨λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ°°μμ(μ΄νμ¬λ) λ°±κΈΈλ¨(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬μ‘Έμ ) λ°±μΉμ₯(λΆμ°κ²½λ¨μ¬νν) λ°±μΉμ² (μ°μΈλ κ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ κ΅μ) λ°±μλ―Έ λ°±μμ(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) λ³κ΄μ(λΆμ°λ κ°μ¬) λ³λλͺ (μ λ¨λ μ΄μμ ν΄μλ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ λΆκ΅μ) λ³μ μ¬(λꡬκ°ν¨λ¦λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό μΈλκ°μ¬) μλͺ μΌ(κ³ λ €λ λ°λ¬Όκ΄) μμ건(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) μμΈμ(νμ±λ κ°μ¬) μμ 볡(μΆ©λ¨λ λͺ μκ΅μ) μμ ν(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μμ’ ν(νΈλ¨κ΅νμ¬μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ€μ₯) μμ€μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ±λ°±μ©(νλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μνμ(νμλ) μλμ (νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ·Όλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μλ³κ·(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ HKκ΅μ) μμΉν(μλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μμ λ―Έ(λκ°μΌλ°λ¬Όκ΄) μμ² λ°°(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ) μ‘κ·λ²(μμλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ‘μ©λ(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) μ‘μ μ(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ° μ°κ΅¬μ) μ‘μ°¬μ(λ°©μ‘λ λ¬Ένκ΅μνκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ‘νΈμ(κ³λͺ λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ‘νΈμ (νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ κ²½μ² (λΆμ°λ κ³ κ³ νκ³Ό) μ λν(λλμ¬λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό μ 곡) μ λ―Όμ² (μμΈλ κ³Όνμ¬λ°κ³Όνμ² ν λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ μΈλΌ(λͺ¨μ€ν¬λ°κ΅λ¦½λ μμ¬νλΆ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ μμ² (μκ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ μμ(μλͺ μ¬λ λ€λ¬Ένν΅ν©μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ μν¬(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ μμ (λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ μ£Όλ°±(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) μ νκ°(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ¬μ¬μ(λ°©μ‘λ κ°μ¬) μ¬μ¬μ°(νκ΅νμ€μμ°κ΅¬μ κ΅μ) μ¬μ¬ν(λ¨κ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ¬μ² κΈ°(μ°μΈλ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μλ³μ°(νμ λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μν(λΆμ°κ²½λ¨μ¬νν) μλͺ μ(μ΄νμ¬λ) μλ―Έμ(λμλ κ°μ¬) μμμ§(μΌκ΄΄μ€) μμν(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μμ μ¬(μ±κ· κ΄λ) μμ ν(λΆμ°λ κ΅μ) μν₯μ(λΆμ°λ νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ) μ¬νΈκ·(νκ΅μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό λΆκ΅μ) μ°κ°μ(μμΈμμ¬λ°λ¬Όκ΄) μΌλ³΅κ·(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μΌμ΄μ₯(κ³ λ €λ) μΌμ μ(μ λΆλ HKκ΅μ) μλμ΄(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ€λ³΄κ²½(μΆ©λ¨λ λνμ μμ¬κ³Όμ ) μ€λΆμ€(μΈλλ κ΅μ) μ€μμ°½(νλ¦Όλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€μκ΅(μ°μΈλ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€μΈν(λΆμ°κ΅λ μ¬νκ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€μ μ°(κ΄μ£Όμ¬λ κ΅μ) μ€μ μ°(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λνμ) μ€μ’ λ‘(μ±μ μ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό λΆκ΅μ) μ€νλ (μΆ©λΆλ) μ€ν₯μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό μκ°κ°μ¬) μνμ’ (μ°μΈλ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ°μΈμ(κ²½λΆλ κ΅μ) μμλ―Έ(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μμμ(μλ¨λ λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ) μ κ²½μ(μμ¬νμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ μΉμ(κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ) μ μΉν¬(μμΈμ립λ HKκ΅μ) μ μμ₯(λΆμ°λ μΈλ¬Ένκ΅ HKμ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ μ₯κ·Ό(κ²½λ¨λ κ΅μ) μ μ¬κ±΄(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ ν(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ νκ²½(κ³ λ Ήκ΅° λκ°μΌλ°λ¬Όκ΄) μ νμ¬(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) μ€κ²½λ‘(νμ±λ μ΄μ₯) μ€κ²½μ§(κ²½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€λμ(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ° μ± μμ°κ΅¬μ) μ€λμ(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ€μμ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬κ³Όμ ) μ€μ©μΆ(λΆμ°λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€μ©ν(곡주λ κ΅μ) μ€μμ(κ²½ν¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ€μ¬μ(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ€μ§ν(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό) μμ ν(λλ¦Όλ κ°μ¬) μ΄κ°λ(μ λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄κ°ν(μΈνλ BK21μ¬μ λ¨) μ΄κ°μ(κ²½λΆλμ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄κ²½κ΅¬(μ λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄κ²½κ΅¬(νλ¦Όλ νλ¦Όκ³Όνμ HKμ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ΄κ²½λ―Έ(νκ΅μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ΄κ΄μ(λΆμ°μΈλ λ¬μμμΈλν΅μνλΆ κ΅μ) μ΄κ΄μ±(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ΄κ·μ² (κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) μ΄κΈ°μ(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄κΈ°ν(λͺ©ν¬λ μμ¬λ¬ΈννλΆ κ΅μ) μ΄λμΈ(μμκ²½μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄λν(νμλ κ°μ¬) μ΄λͺ μ (μλͺ μ¬λ μμ¬κ³Όμ ) μ΄λͺ μ(κ²½ν¬λ) μ΄λ¬ΈκΈ°(κ²½λΆλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄λ―Όμ(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λνμ) μ΄λ³λ‘(μ±κ· κ΄λ) μ΄λ³ν΄(κ²½λΆλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό λͺ μκ΅μ) μ΄λ³ν¬(νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μκΈΈ(κ²½λ¨λ κ΅μ) μ΄μμ(μ°μΈλ κ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄μμ°¬(μμΈλ κ΅μ) μ΄μκ·(νμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ΄μ±μ(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ° μ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄μ±μ£Ό(κ°λ¦λ μ¬νκ³Ό λΆκ΅μ) μ΄μ±ν(κ³λͺ λ μΌλ³Ένκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μΈμ(νμ λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ‘μ(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ·Όλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μ΄μ‘ν¬(μ λΌλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μμ(λ―Όμ£Όνμ΄λκΈ°λ μ¬μ ν) μ΄μν(μλ¨λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μΉλ ¬(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ΄μΉλ―Ό(κ°ν¨λ¦λ λνμμ) μ΄μΉλ―Ό(λκ΅λ κ°μ¬) μ΄μ μ² (μ±κ· κ΄λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ΄μ μ(μ°μΈλ λνμ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ΄μμ(κ΄μ£Όλ μΈκ΅μ΄νλΆ κ΅μ) μ΄μμ (κ²½κΈ°λ λ°λ¬Όκ΄) μ΄μν(νκ΅μΈλ κ΅μ) μ΄μνΈ(μΈνλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ©κΈ°(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ) μ΄μ©μ¬(μ λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ©μ°½(λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ± μμ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄μ°μ(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν μ€μΈμ¬1λΆκ³Ό) μ΄μ±(νκ΅κ΅νμ§ν₯μ) μ΄μλ°°(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ³ λμ¬μ 곡) μ΄μ€κ°(κ³λͺ λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ€μ(μ°½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μν(μ±κ· κ΄λ) μ΄μ λ―Ό(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ΄μ λΉ(κ²½ν¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ΄μ μ (μμΈλ λνμ) μ΄μ μ(λΆμ°κ°ν¨λ¦λ) μ΄μ μ (νλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ μ(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄μ νΈ(κ³ λ €λ BK21νκ΅μ¬νκ΅μ‘μ°κ΅¬λ¨) μ΄μ ν(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν μ€μΈμ¬1λΆκ³Ό) μ΄μ’ λ²(μ‘°μ λ κ΅μ) μ΄μ’ λ΄(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ’ μ(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ£Όν(νλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ£Όν(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν νλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μ΄μ€κ΅¬(λꡬνμλ κ΅μ) μ΄μ§λͺ¨(νλ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄μ§μ₯(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ΄μ§ν(κ³ λ €λ κ΅μ) μ΄νν(μ°μΈλ κ°μ¬) μ΄νμ(λμ¬λ λ) μ΄νμ(λΆμ°κ²½λ¨μ¬νν) μ΄νμ(λμ λ κ΅μ) μ΄νμ€(μμΈμ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ΄ν΄μ€(곡주λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΄νμ(μ΄νμ¬λ νκ΅λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ) μ΄νμ§(μμΈλκ·μ₯κ°) μ΄νμ°(μλ¨λ κ΅μ) μ΄νλ―Ό(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ΄νμ₯(νκ΅μΈλ) μ΄νΈλ£‘(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν νλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μ΄νλ³(λ±μ΄κ³ κ΅μ¬) μ΄ν¨ν(λΆμ°λ νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μκ²½μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μλ―Όν(μμ¬μ€νν μ΄λ¬΄μ΄μ¬) μλ³ν(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μμ ν(μ λ¨λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μμΈκΆ(μλλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μμ‘μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μνμ±(μΈνλ νκ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ κ΅μ) μνμ(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ΄μμμ) μνλ ¨(μλͺ μ¬λ κ°μ¬) μ₯λν(λΆμ°λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ₯λ―Έμ (κ°ν¨λ¦λ) μ₯λ³μΈ(μΆ©λ¨λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ₯μ ν(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ₯μ±μ€(νμ λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬κ³Όμ ) μ₯μΈλ£‘(λΆμ°λ νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ HKκ΅μ) μ₯μ (μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ₯μ°μ₯(κ³λͺ λνκ΅ νκ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ λ°©λ¬Έκ΅μ) μ₯μλ―Ό(μμ§λ κ΅μ) μ₯μμ(μλͺ λ) μ₯μ€μ² (μκ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ κ²½μ(μλͺ μ¬λ λ°μ¬) μ κ΅μμ¬κ΅μ¬λͺ¨μ() μ λμ¬(κ²½μ£Όλ κ΅μκ³Όμ λΆ κ΅μ) μ λͺ ν(νκ΅μΈλ) μ μμ(λΆμ°λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ μμ±(μμΈμ립λ λνμμ) μ μμ€(μ€μλ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ μ°μ©(μμΈλλ³μ λ³μμμ¬λ¬ΈνμΌν° κ΅μ) μ μ ν(κ΅λ―Όλ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ μ§μ±(λΆμ°κ΅λ μ¬νκ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ νμ(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ νν(μ λ¨λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ νΈν(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ λλ½(λκ°μΌλ°λ¬Όκ΄) μ λμ€(μ±κ· κ΄λBK21μ¬μ λ¨ λ°μ¬νμ°κ΅¬μ) μ λν(μμΈλ λνμ) μ λ―Έμ±(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ λ³μΌ(μλͺ μ¬λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ λ³μ±(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ μ±μΌ(κ΄μ£Όμ¬λ κ΅μ) μ μκ΅(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ·Όλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μ μ°ν(κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ μκ·Ό(μλͺ μ¬λ λ€λ¬Ένν΅ν©μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ μ©μ±(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ μ¬ν(κ²½μλ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ μ¬ν(μμΈλ HKμ°κ΅¬μ) μ μ§μ(κ²½μλ μ¬ννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ μ§μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ λμμμνμ μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ μ§μ(μλλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ μ°½λ ¬(νμλ λͺ μκ΅μ) μ μ°½ν(κ΅λ―Όλ κ΅μκ³Όμ λΆ κ²Έμκ΅μ) μ νν(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ νμ(μλͺ μ¬λ λ€λ¬Ένν΅ν©μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ ν΄μ(κ΅°μ¬νΈμ°¬μ°κ΅¬μ) μ νλ°±(μ±κ· κ΄λ κ΅μ) μ νΈν(μ°μΈλ κ΅νμ°κ΅¬μ) μ‘°κ²½μ² (μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ‘°κ΄(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ‘°κ·ν(νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±μ΄λμ¬νν μ°κ΅¬μ΄μ¬) μ‘°λμ(μμΈλ κ°μ¬) μ‘°λͺ κ·Ό(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ‘°λ―Έμ(μ±κ· κ΄λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) μ‘°λ³λ‘(κ²½κΈ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ‘°μ±μ΄(κ΅ν λν μΈλ¬Έκ³Όνμ°κ΅¬μ) μ‘°μΈμ΄(λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ) μ‘°μΈν(λΆκ²½λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ‘°μΉλ(μ²μ£Όλ κ΅μ) μ‘°μκ΄(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ‘°μλ(μμ²λ μ¬νμ 곡 κ΅μ) μ‘°μμ₯(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ‘°μ€μ (μ²μ£Όλ κ΅μ) μ‘°μ¬κ³€(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν κ·Όλμ¬λΆκ³Ό) μ‘°μ€ν¬(λμ’ κ΅) μ£Όκ²½λ―Έ(λΆκ²½λ μΈλ¬Έμ¬νκ³Όνμ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ£Όλͺ μ² (νκ΅κ΅μλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) μ£Όμ μ(λꡬκ΅μ‘λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ§μμ(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ°¨λ―Έν¬(μ΄νμ¬λ μ¬νμνκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ°¨μ ν(κ²½ν¬λ) μ°¨μΈλ°°(λκ΅λ κ°μ¬) μ°¨μ² μ±(λΆμ°λ νκ΅λ―Όμ‘±λ¬Ένμ°κ΅¬μ) μ±μμ(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ±μ μ(κ°ν¨λ¦λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅κ°μ(μμΈλ μμμ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅κ²½μ (μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό μμ¬μ‘Έμ ) μ΅λκ²½(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅λ³΄μ(λκ΅λ λνμ μ¬νκ³Ό) μ΅μ°μ(λͺ©ν¬λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅μ°μ£Ό(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅μμ¬(κΉν΄μΈκ΅μ΄κ³ ) μ΅μν(μ λ¨λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅μκ·(λΆμ°λ κ΅μ) μ΅μ€μ€(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅μμ§(νμλ μμ¬κ³Όμ ) μ΅μΈκΈ°(νκ΅μμ¬μ°κ΅¬ν μ€μΈμ¬2λΆκ³Ό) μ΅μ§κ·(μ‘°μ λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) μ΅ν΄λ£‘(λꡬμ²μλ λμκ΅μ‘μ) μ΅νλ―Έ(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) μ΅νμ£Ό(νμλ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) μ΅νμ‘°(κ²½λΆλ κ°μ¬) νμΈλ΄(νκ΅ν΄μλ λμμμνκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ μ(λΆμ°λ) νμΌμ(μ°μΈλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ’ λ¬Έ(νμ λ μΌλ³Έμ§μνκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ§μ(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό) νλͺ κ·Ό(μμ€λ λ°λ¬Όκ΄) νλͺ κΈ°(λͺ μ§λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νλͺ¨λκΉ(κ°ν¨λ¦λ) νλ¬Έμ’ (μ λΆλ κ΅μ) νλ΄μ(μ±κ· κ΄λ μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) νμκΆ(λμ±μ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ±λ―Ό(λκ΅λ μ¬νκ³Ό κ°μ¬) νμ±μ±(νκ΅λ¬Ένμ μ°μ°κ΅¬μ) νμΉν(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό λ°μ¬μλ£) νμμ€(λ¨κ΅λ μμ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ΄μ(κ³ λ €λ κ΅μ) νμ μ(μμΈλ μμμ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ ν(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) νμ°½κ· (νλ¨λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ² νΈ(λκ΅λ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) ννꡬ(μ±κ³΅νλ κ΅μ) νν¬μ(μλͺ μ¬λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ν¨μμ(κ΅λ¦½λꡬλ°λ¬Όκ΄) νμ(λλμ¬λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) νμ ν(νμ΅λ κ°μ¬) νμλ(μΈμ°λ μμ¬λ¬Έννκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ(μμλ μμ¬κ΅μ‘κ³Ό κ΅μ) νμμ(νκ΅νμ€μμ°κ΅¬μ μ₯μκ° μ°κ΅¬μ) νμ(κ³ λ €λ νκ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμ’ (μΆ©λ¨λ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ννμ©(κ³ λ €λ κ°μ¬) νμ¬μ΄(λΆμ°λ μ¬νκ³Ό) νμ’ μ² (κ²½ν¬λ λ°μ¬κ³Όμ ) νλ¬ΈκΈ°(μμΈλ κ΅μ¬νκ³Ό) νμλ₯ (μ±μ μ¬λ μ‘°κ΅μ) νμκΆ(λμλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) νμλ―Ό(λͺ μ§λ κ΅μ) νμκΈ°(μμ²λ μΈλ¬ΈνλΆ κ΅μ) νμμ(μλͺ μ¬λ μ°κ΅¬κ΅μ) νμ μ(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) ν©λ³μ£Ό(μμ¬λ¬Έμ μ°κ΅¬μ μ°κ΅¬μ) ν©λ³΄μμ‘°(κ²½λΆλ μ¬νκ³Ό κ΅μ) ν©μΈμ (μ΄νμ¬λ μ¬νκ³Ό)
Overseas
Charles Armstrong, Professor, Columbia University
Donald Baker, Professor, University of British Columbia
Edward J. Baker, Professor, Hanyang University
Remco E. Breuker, Researcher, Leiden University
Mark Caprio, Professor, Rikkyo University
Edward Chang, Professor, University of California at Riverside
Kornel Chang, Professor, University of Connecticut
Hyaeweol Choi, Professor, Arizona State University
Jennifer Jihye Chun, Professor, University of British Columbia
Hye Seung Chung, Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Michael Chwe, Professor, UCLA
Donald N. Clark, Professor, Trinity University
Nicole Cohen, Postdoctoral Fellow, Columbia University
Bruce Cumings, Professor, University of Chicago
Lisa Kim Davis, Professor, UCLA
Brett de Bary, Professor, Cornell University
Koen De Ceuster, Professor, Leiden University
John DiMoia, Professor, National University of Singapore
Jamie Doucette, Lecturer, University of British Columbia
Alexis Dudden, Professor, University of Connecticut
John Duncan, Professor, UCLA
Thomas Duvernay, Professor, Handong Global University
Carter J. Eckert, Professor, Harvard University
Marion Eggert, Professor, Ruhr University
Henry Em, Professor, Korea University
Stephen Epstein, Professor, Victoria University of Wellington
John Feffer, Editor, Foreign Policy in Focus
Norma Field, Professor, University of Chicago
Takashi Fujitani, Professor, University of California, San Diego
Mel Gurtov, Professor, University of Oregon
Dennis Hart, Professor, University of Pittsburgh
Martin Hart-Landsberg, Professor, Lewis and Clark College
Laura Hein, Professor, Northwestern University
Todd A. Henry, Professor, Colorado State University
Christine Hong, Postdoctoral Fellow, University of California, Berkeley
Theodore Hughes, Professor, Columbia University
Kyung Moon Hwang, Professor, University of Southern California
Sheila Miyoshi Jager, Professor, Oberlin College
Roger L. Janelli, Professor, Indiana University
Kelly Jeong, Professor, University of California, Riverside
Jennifer Jung-Kim, Editor, UCLA
George Kallander, Professor, Syracuse University
Namsoon Kang, Professor, Texas Christian University
Ken Kawashima, Professor, University of Toronto
Daniel Y. Kim, Professor, Brown University
Elaine Kim, Professor, University of California, Berkeley
Hyung-A Kim, Professor, Australian National University
Jina Kim, Professor, Smith College
Joy Kim, Professor, Princeton University
Jungwon Kim, Professor, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
Kyung Hyun Kim, Professor, University of California, Irvine
Sang-Hyun Kim, Postdoctoral Fellow, Harvard University
Sun-Chul Kim, Professor, Barnard College/Columbia University
Sun Joo Kim, Professor, Harvard University
Suzy Kim, Professor, Boston College
Taik Kyun Kim, Professor, University of Wisconsin, Madison
Thomas P. Kim, Professor, Scripps College
Youngnan Kim-Paik, Professor, University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee
Ross King, Professor, University of British Columbia
Lev R. Kontsevich, Researcher, Russian Academy of Sciences
Hagen Koo, Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
J. Victor Koschmann, Professor, Cornell University
Tae Yang Kwak, Professor, Ramapo College of New Jersey
Nayoung Aimee Kwon, Professor, Duke University
Gari Ledyard, Professor, Columbia University
Eun-Jeung Lee, Professor, Free University Berlin
James Kyung-Jin Lee, Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara
Namhee Lee, Professor, UCLA
Timothy S. Lee, Professor, Texas Christian University
Walter K. Lew, Professor, University of Miami
John Lie, Professor, University of California, Berkeley
Ramsay Liem, Professor, Boston College
Richard D. McBride, Professor, Brigham Young University
Gavan McCormack, Professor, Australian National University
Yong Soon Min, Professor, University of California, Irvine
Seungsook Moon, Professor, Vassar College
Jane Myong, Professor, Sinclair Community College
Sung-Deuk Oak, Professor, UCLA
Robert Oppenheim, Professor, University of Texas, Austin
Hyung Il Pai, Professor, University of California, Santa Barbara
Gary Pak, Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Albert L. Park, Professor, Claremont McKenna College
Andrew Sung Park, Professor, United Theological Seminary
Chan Park, Professor, Ohio State University
Eugene Y. Park, Professor, University of California, Irvine
Jin Young Park, Professor, American University
Pori Park, Professor, Arizona State University
Samuel Perry, Professor, Brown University
Michael J. Pettid, Professor, State University of New York at Binghamton
Leslie Pincus, Professor, University of Michigan
Janet Poole, Professor, University of Toronto
Jorge Rafael Di Masi, Professor, National University of La Plata
Michael E. Robinson, Professor, Indiana University
Lawrence Rogers, Professor, University of Hawaii at Hilo
Alfredo Romero Castilla, Professor, National University of Mexico
Youngju Ryu, Professor, University of Michigan
Naoki Sakai, Professor, Cornell University
Wesley Sasaki-Uemura, Professor, University of Utah
Werner Sasse, Professor, University of Hamburg
Andre Schmid, Professor, University of Toronto
Mark Selden, Professor, State University of New York at Binghamton
Jungmin Seo, Professor, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Gi-Wook Shin, Professor, Stanford University
Edward J. Shultz, Professor, University of Hawaii, Manoa
Tatiana Simbirtseva, Lecturer, Russian State University for the Humanities
Eric Sirotkin, Chair, National Lawyers Guild Korean Peace Project
Min Suh Son, Professor, Johns Hopkins University
Jesook Song, Professor, University of Toronto
Min Hyoung Song, Professor, Boston College
Jae-Jung Suh, Professor, SAIS-Johns Hopkins University
Serk Bae Suh, Professor, University of California, Irvine
Seung Hye Suh, Professor, Scripps College
Vladimir Tikhonov (Pak Noja), Professor, Oslo University
Jun Uchida, Professor, Stanford University
So Jung Um, Graduate Student, University of Michigan
Luc Walhain, Professor, St. Thomas University
Boudewijn Walraven, Professor, Leiden University
Kenneth Wells, Professor, Australian National University
Rob Wilson, Professor, University of California, Santa Cruz
Hyangsoon Yi, Professor, University of Georgia
Theodore Jun Yoo, Professor, University of Hawaii at Manoa
Kyoim Yun, Professor, University of Kansas
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Sent by: Do Myoun-Hoi [To Myon-hoe], Chairperson, Organization of Korean Historians (Han’guk yoksa yon’guhoe)
Translated and forwarded by the Steering Committee, Alliance of Scholars Concerned about Korea (ASCK)
Statement by Historians in South Korea and OverseasWe [the undersigned] demand that the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology stop the revision of [high school] history textbooks, undermining the principle of political neutrality in education.
On October 8th, twenty one academic associations related to the field of history held a press conference, criticizing the government’s plan to revise modern Korean history textbooks [used in high schools].The following day, the Joint Committee for the Resolution of the History Textbook Issue, composed of 39 groups – including the National Association of History Teachers, National University Workers’ Union, and Asia Peace and History Education Network – also held a press conference in front of the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology.They did so because, instead of safeguarding political neutrality in education and respecting historical expertise, the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology has brought about a crisis in historical research and education. But the Ministry has refused to acknowledge such criticism/opposition, and continues to stick to its plans for revision.On October 15th, the Ministry announced that it would “pursue a balanced revision of textbooks by the end of November reflecting the academic and educational perspectives in a comprehensive manner” by utilizing the report submitted by the National Institute ofKorean History entitled “Review of modern Korean history textbooks and Proposed Guidelines for Narration” and the participation of the Association of Experts in History Education made up of teachers, educational professionals and professors.The textbooks that the Ministry of Education, Science, and Technology plans to revise had already been reviewed in 2004, 2005 and 2006, and [in those reviews] were not judged to be “left-leaning.” If the revisions are carried out [only] because the new President, Lee Myung-bak, proposed such changes as part of his so-called policy of “normalization of textbooks,” will future administrations also revise textbooks whenever there is a change in government? If that were to happen, political neutrality in education will be undermined, and there will be a proliferation of research on modern Korean history that caters solely to the government in power.Moreover, the way the Ministry has pursued the revision of history textbooks does not conform to the Regulations concerning Textbooks. According to these regulations, the Ministry may order the authors or the publishers to revise the contents, and if such orders go unheeded, the Ministry may revoke its official approval or suspend publication and circulation of the textbooks within one year. But even in such cases, the regulations have no provisions for the direct revision of textbooks by the government [as the government threatens to do].The report submitted by the National Institute of Korean History did make note of 49 different revisions to be made in the textbooks to enhance validity and fairness, avoiding bias in historical interpretation, but did not provide detailed guidelines for the 257 different expressions deemed problematic by the Ministry.It is of grave concern that the current attempt to revise history textbooks appears to be driven by a specific political agenda to homogenize history textbooks, as demanded by the "New Right" and parts of the governing group.First, the Ministry’s revision of history textbooks, by allowing only one historical interpretation, prevents diverse interpretations, based on accumulated historical research,from being reflected in the textbooks. This suppression of diversity leads to the repression of academic freedom in research and publication.Second, the Ministry’s revisions will further narrow the range of historical interpretations that had been guaranteed to some extent under the textbook authorization system. This distortion of the textbook authorization system will result in the publication of authorized textbooks that are no different from the government authored textbooks that were published under the Yushin System. This will result in the infringement of history teachers’ right to teach, and students’ right to learn.Third, the homogenization of history education will undermine students’ creative and spontaneous learning and furthermore hamper the cultivation of open-ended and pluralistic thought necessary in the age of globalization.Because the Ministry’s attempt to revise history textbooks will inevitably lead to the erosion of academic freedom and political neutrality in education, we, the undersigned scholars of history, hereby launch a nation-wide signature campaign and make the following demands:1. The Ministry must respect the research findings of historians and guarantee political neutrality in education.1. The Ministry must listen to the voices of historians and drop its plan to revise history textbooks for political purposes.1. The Ministry must stop exerting unjust external pressure on the publishers and the writers of history textbooks.
μ κ΅ μμ¬νμ μ μΈκ΅μ‘κ³ΌνκΈ°μ λΆλ κ΅μ‘μ μ μΉμ μ€λ¦½μ±μ νΌμνλ κ΅κ³Όμ μμ μμ μ μ€λ¨νλΌ!μ§λ 10μ 8μΌ μ κ΅μ 21κ° μμ¬ν κ΄λ ¨ ννλ μ λΆμ νκ΅ κ·Όνλμ¬ κ΅κ³Όμ μμ μλμ λν΄ κ·Έ λΆλΉν¨μ μ§μ νλ κΈ°μν견μ ν λ° μλ€. μ΄νΏλ μλ μ κ΅μμ¬κ΅μ¬λͺ¨μ λ± κ΅μ¬ λ¨μ²΄μ μ κ΅λνλ Έλμ‘°ν©, μμμννμμμ¬κ΅μ‘μ°λ λ± 39κ° λ¨μ²΄λ‘ ꡬμ±λ ‘κ΅κ³Όμλ¬Έμ ν΄κ²°μ μν 곡λλμ± μμν’κ° κ΅μ‘κ³ΌνκΈ°μ λΆ μμ λͺ¨μ¬ μμ¬ κ΅κ³Όμ μμ μλλ₯Ό μ€λ¨νλΌλ κΈ°μν견μ νμλ€. μμ¬νμ μ λ¬Έμ±μ μ‘΄μ€νκ³ κ΅μ‘μ μ μΉμ μ€λ¦½μ±μ 보μ₯ν΄μΌ ν κ΅μ‘κ³ΌνκΈ°μ λΆκ° μ€νλ € μμ¬ μ°κ΅¬μ κ΅μ‘μ μκΈ°λ₯Ό μ΄λνκ³ μλ€κ³ νλ¨νκΈ° λλ¬Έμ΄λ€.κ·ΈλΌμλ λΆκ΅¬νκ³ κ΅κ³ΌλΆλ μ΄λ¬ν μμ§μμ λν΄μλ λͺ¨λ₯΄μ λ‘ μΌκ΄νκ³ μ κ° κΈΈλ§ κ°κ³ μλ€. 10μ 15μΌ κ΅μ¬νΈμ°¬μμνλ‘λΆν° μ μΆλ°μ ｢νκ΅κ·Όνλμ¬ κ΅κ³Όμ κ²ν λ° μμ λ°©ν₯ μ μΈ｣μ΄λ λ³΄κ³ μμ κ΅μ․κ΅μ‘μ λ¬Έμ§․κ΅μ λ±μΌλ‘ ꡬμ±ν μμ¬κ΅μ‘μ λ¬Έκ°νμνλ μ‘°μ§μ νμ©νμ¬ 11μ λ§κΉμ§ ‘νμ μ ․κ΅μ‘μ μΈ‘λ©΄μ μ’ ν©μ μΌλ‘ λ°μν κ· νμ‘ν κ΅κ³Όμ μμ ․보μμ μΆμ§’νκ² λ€κ³ νμλ€.κ·Έλ°λ° κ΅κ³ΌλΆκ° μμ ․보μνκ² λ€λ νν κ΅κ³Όμλ μ΄λ―Έ 2004λ , 2005λ , 2006λ μΈ μ°¨λ‘μ κ±Έμ³ ‘μ’νΈν₯’μ΄ μλλΌκ³ νμΈν΄ μ£Όμλ λ°λ‘ κ·Έ κ΅κ³Όμμ΄λ€. μ κΆμ΄ λ°λκ³ μ΄λͺ λ° λν΅λ Ήμ΄ ‘κ΅κ³Όμ μ μν’λΌλ λ―Έλͺ νμ μμ¬κ΅κ³Όμ μμ μμ§λ₯Ό λ°νλ€κ³ νμ¬ μ΄μ μ λ΄λ Έλ κ²°λ‘ μ λ²λ³΅νλ€λ©΄, ν₯ν μ κΆμ΄ λ€μ λ°λ κ²½μ°μλ κ·Έ μ κΆμ μꡬλλ‘ κ΅κ³Όμλ₯Ό μμ ν κ²μΈκ°? κ·Έλ κ² λ κ²½μ° λνλ―Όκ΅μμ κ΅μ‘μ μ μΉμ μ€λ¦½μ±μ 보μ₯λ μ μμ κ²μ΄λ©° νκ΅ κ·Όνλμ¬ μ°κ΅¬ λν μ κΆμ μ λ§μ λ§λ μ°κ΅¬λ§ 무μ±ν΄μ§ κ²μ΄λ€.κ²λ€κ° νμ¬ κ΅κ³ΌλΆκ° μΆμ§νκ³ μλ κ΅κ³Όμ μμ λ°©μμ ｢κ΅κ³Όμ©λμμκ΄νκ·μ ｣μλ μλ λΆλ²μ ννμ΄λ€. λ λ²λ Ήμλ κ΅κ³ΌλΆκ° μ μμ λλ λ°νμμκ² μμ μ λͺ νκ³ μ΄μ λΆλ³΅ν κ²½μ° κ²μ ν©κ²©μ μ·¨μνκ±°λ 1λ μ΄λ΄ λ°νμ μ μ§μν€λ λ±μ μ‘°μΉλ₯Ό μ·¨ν μ μμ λΏ, μ§κΆ μμ μ΄λ μ‘°νμ μ΄λμλ μλ€.κ΅κ³ΌλΆμ μ μΆλ κ΅μ¬νΈμ°¬μμνμ λ³΄κ³ μμλ μμ¬ ν΄μμ νΈν₯μ±μ νΌνλ©΄μ κ΅κ³Όμ λ΄μ©μ νλΉμ±κ³Ό 곡μ μ±μ λμ΄λ κ²μ΄ νμνλ€κ³ νμ¬ 49κ° νμ κ΅κ³Όμ μμ λ°©ν₯μ μ μνμμ λΏ, κ΅κ³ΌλΆκ° μμ²ν 257κ° ννμ λν ꡬ체μ μΈ μμ μ§μΉ¨μ΄ μλ€.κ²°κ΅ κ΅κ³ΌλΆμ μμ μλμλ λ΄λΌμ΄νΈλΌλ νΉμ μ νμ μ§κΆ μΈλ ₯ μΌκ°μμ μꡬνλ λλ‘ κ΅κ³Όμμ λ΄μ©μ νμΌμ μΌλ‘ λ°κΎΈκ² λ€λ μ μΉμ μλκ° κΉλ € μλ€κ³ λ³΄μ§ μμ μ μμΌλ©°, μ΄λ λ€μ λͺ κ°μ§ μ μμ μ¬ν μ°λ €λλ€.첫째, κ΅κ³ΌλΆμ κ΅κ³Όμ μμ μμ μ μ€μ§ ν κ°μ§ μμ¬ ν΄μλ§ μμ νκ² ν¨μΌλ‘μ¨ κ·Έλμ μΆμ λ λ€μν μμ¬ μ°κ΅¬ μ±κ³Όκ° κ΅κ³Όμμ λ°μλ μ μκ² λ§λ€ κ²μ΄λ€. μ΄λ 곧 νλ¬Έ μ°κ΅¬μ μΆνμ μμ λ₯Ό μ΅μνλ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄λν κ²μ΄λ€.λμ§Έ, λΆμμ νλλ§ κ²μΈμ κ΅κ³Όμ μ λμμ 보μ₯λμλ λ€μν μμ¬ ν΄μμ νμ΄ μ€μ΄λ€κ³ κ²μ μ λλ₯Ό μ곑μμΌ, μ μ 체μ νμ κ΅μ κ΅κ³Όμμ λ€λ¦μλ κ²μΈμ κ΅κ³Όμλ₯Ό μμ°νκ² λ κ²μ΄λ©°, μ΄λ μμ¬ κ΅μ¬μ κ΅κΆκ³Ό νμλ€μ νμ΅κΆμ μΉ¨ν΄νλ κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό λ³μ κ²μ΄λ€.μ μ§Έ, νμΌμ μΈ μμ¬ κ΅μ‘μ νμλ€μ μ°½μμ μ΄κ³ μ£Όλμ μΈ νμ΅μ μ ν΄νκ³ λμκ°μ κ΅μ ν μλμ νμν κ°λ°©μ μ΄κ³ λ€μμ μΈ μ¬κ³ λ₯λ ₯ μμ±μ μΉλͺ μ μΈ λ μ μμ©μ ν κ²μ΄λ€.μ컨λ, κ΅κ³ΌλΆμ κ΅κ³Όμ μμ μλλ νλ¬Έμ μμ μ κ΅μ‘μ μ μΉμ μ€λ¦½μ±μ νΌμν κ²μ΄ νλ¦ΌμκΈ°μ μ°λ¦¬ μμ¬νμλ€μ λ€μκΈ κ΅κ³ΌλΆμ λ€μκ³Ό κ°μ μꡬλ₯Ό μ μΆνλ©°, μ°λ¦¬μ μ λΉν μμ¬λ₯Ό κ΄μ² νκΈ° μνμ¬ μ κ΅μ μΈ μλͺ μ΄λμ λμ νλ λ°μ΄λ€.1. κ΅μ‘κ³ΌνκΈ°μ λΆλ μμ¬νκ³μ μ°κ΅¬ μ±κ³Όλ₯Ό μ‘΄μ€νκ³ κ΅μ‘μ μ μΉμ μ€λ¦½μ±μ 보μ₯νλΌ!1. κ΅μ‘κ³ΌνκΈ°μ λΆλ μμ¬νκ³μ λͺ©μ리λ₯Ό κ²Ένν μμ©νμ¬ νμ¬ μ μΉμ μΈ λͺ©μ νμ μ§ννκ³ μλ κ΅κ³Όμ μμ μμ μ μ€λ¨νλΌ!1. κ΅μ‘κ³ΌνκΈ°μ λΆλ κ΅κ³Όμ μΆνμ¬μ μ§νμμ λν λΆλΉν μΈμμ μ€λ¨νλΌ!
Tuesday, February 10, 2009
First Compensation Package from the ROK government over the Bereaved Families of Ulsan Bodo League Victims
The Bodo League, a.k.a., the National Guidance Alliance [κ΅λ―Όλ³΄λμ°λ§Ή in Korean], was a government subsidized organization to have those with the leftist leaning tendency registered and aim to convert them into the prevailing ideology of the time in the ROK. Later (shortly before the war and the beginning stage of the Korean War), those registered in the League were regarded as direct threats to the state, became subjects to a large number of massacres and summary executions. The South Korea's Central District Court ruled today, the government is responsible for the victims of Ulsan Bodo League Massacres, and thus providing compensation for their losses. Regardless of the scale of the compensation package, the ruling is significant since it is the first of the same kind.
λ²μ "μΈμ°λ³΄λμ°λ§Ή μ μ‘±μ 200μ΅ λ°°μ"보λμ°λ§Ή μ¬κ±΄ κ΄λ ¨ κ΅κ° λ°°μ 첫 μΈμ (μμΈ=μ°ν©λ΄μ€) μ΄μΈμ κΈ°μ = 보λμ°λ§Ή μ¬κ±΄ ν¬μμ μ μ‘±μκ² κ΅κ°κ° 200μ΅ μλμ λ°°μκΈμ μ§κΈν΄μΌ νλ€λ λ²μμ 첫 νκ²°μ΄ λ΄λ €μ‘λ€. μμΈμ€μμ§λ² λ―Όμ¬ν©μ19λΆ(μ§μμ² λΆμ₯νμ¬)λ 10μΌ μΈμ° κ΅λ―Όλ³΄λμ°λ§Ή μ¬κ±΄μΌλ‘ μ¨μ§ μ₯λͺ¨μ¨μ μλ€ λ± μ μ‘± 508λͺ μ΄ κ΅κ°λ₯Ό μλλ‘ μ κΈ°ν μν΄λ°°μ μ²κ΅¬ μμ‘μμ "κ΅κ°λ μ μ‘±μκ² ν©κ³ 51μ΅4μ²600μ¬λ§ μμ μ§κΈνλΌ"κ³ νκ²°νλ€.
λ²μμ΄ μ§κΈμ λͺ ν κΈμ‘μ 1950λ μ κΈ°μ€μΌλ‘ ν μ‘μμ΄κ³ μ κ³ λΉμΌκΉμ§ 맀λ 5％μ μ§μ° μ΄μλ₯Ό μ§κΈν΄μΌ νλ μ μ κ³ λ €νλ©΄ μ€μ λ°°μμ‘μ 200μ΅μ¬ μμ λ¬νλ€. μ λΆκ° μ’μ΅κ΄λ ¨μλ₯Ό μ ν₯μν€κ³ μ΄λ€μ ν΅μ νκΈ° μν΄ 1949∼1950λ μ‘°μ§ν κ΅λ―Όλ³΄λμ°λ§Ήμ λμΈμ μΌλ‘λ μ ν₯μλ‘ κ΅¬μ±λ μ’μ΅μ ν₯μ λ¨μ²΄μμ νλ°©νμ§λ§ μ€μ λ‘λ κ΄λ³λ¨μ²΄μ μ±κ²©μ λ μλ€. 6γ25 μ μμ΄ ν°μ§μ λΉμ μ₯μμ€ λ΄λ¬΄λΆ μΉμκ΅μ₯μ μ κ΅μ 보λμ°λ§Ήμ λ±μ μ¦μ ꡬμνλΌκ³ μ§μνκ³ μΈμ°κ²½μ°°μμ κ΅κ΅° μ 보κ΅μ μΈμ° 보λμ°λ§Ήμμ μμ§γꡬκΈνλ€κ° κ²½λ¨ μΈμ°κ΅° λμ΄μ° 골μ§κΈ°μ λ°μ κ³ κ° μΌλμμ μ§λ¨ μ΄μ΄νλ€. μ μ‘±μ ν¬μμμ μ¬λ§ μ¬λΆλ μ¬λͺ κ²½μ λ±μ λν΄ μ ν μμ§ λͺ»νλ€ 4γ19 νλͺ μ΄ν μ μ‘±νλ₯Ό κ²°μ±ν΄ μ§μ κ·λͺ κ³Ό μ± μμ μ²λ²μ μꡬνκ³ μ΄μ λ°λΌ ν¬μμ μ 골μ λ°κ΅΄, ν©λ λ¬λ₯Ό μΈμ μ§λ§ μ΄ν 5γ16μΏ λ°νλ‘ λ¬κ° μ² κ±°λκ³ μ§μ κ·λͺ λ μ€λ¨λλ€. μ΄ν μ§μ€γνν΄λ₯Ό μν κ³Όκ±°μ¬μ 리μμν(μ΄ν μμν)λ 2006λ 10μ μ΄ μ¬κ±΄μ λν μ§μμ‘°μ¬λ₯Ό κ°μ, λ€μν΄ 11μ λ§κ» μΈμ°μ§μ κ΅λ―Όλ³΄λμ°λ§Ή μ¬κ±΄κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨λ ν¬μμ λͺ λ¨ 407λͺ μ νμ νλ€. μ΄μ μ μ‘±μ ν¬μμκ° νλ²μ 보μ₯λ μ 체μ μμ , μλͺ κΆ, μ λ²μ μ°¨μ μμΉ, μ¬νμ λ°μ κΆλ¦¬ λ±μ μΉ¨ν΄λΉνκ³ μ΄ λλ¬Έμ μ μ‘±μ΄ μ μ μ μ μ νΌν΄λ₯Ό λ°°μνλΌκ³ μμ‘μ λκ³ κ΅κ°λ μν΄λ°°μ μ²κ΅¬κΆμ΄ μλ©Έλλ€κ³ μ£Όμ₯νμΌλ λ²μμ 곡κΆλ ₯ λ¨μ©μΌλ‘ μΈν μ± μμ μΈμ νλ€. μ¬νλΆλ "1960λ μ μ ν΄κ° λ°κ΅΄λμ§λ§, μ μ‘±μ΄ ν¬μμμ ꡬ체μ μΈ μ¬λ§κ²½μ λ±μ λν΄μλ μ¬μ ν μμ§ λͺ»νλ λ± μ§μμ΄ κ·λͺ λμ§ μμκ³ 2007λ μμνμ ν¬μμ λͺ λ¨ λ°νλ‘ λΉλ‘μ μ§μ€μ μκ² λλ€"λ©° "μν΄λ°°μ μ²κ΅¬κΆμ΄ μν¨λ‘ μΈν΄ μλ©Ένλ€κ³ λ³Ό μ μλ€"κ³ νμνλ€. λ "μ μ‘±μ 보λμ°λ§Ή μ¬κ±΄ μ΄ν ν¬μμμ μμ¬μ κ΄ν μ΄λ€ ν΅μ§λ λ°μ§ λͺ»νκ³ κ²½μ°°μ΄ μ§μ€ κ·λͺ μꡬμ μνμ§ μλ λ± μμνμ λ°ν μ κΉμ§ κ΅κ°μ μλ²μ λν μμ¬λ§μΌλ‘ μμ‘μ μ κΈ°νκΈ°λ μ΄λ €μ΄ μ¬μ μ΄ μμλ€λ μ λ μΈμ λλ€"κ³ λ§λΆμλ€. μ΄μ λ°λΌ λ²μμ ν¬μμμκ² 2μ²λ§ μ, λ°°μ°μμκ² 1μ²λ§ μ, λΆλͺ¨μ μλ μκ² 200λ§ μ, νμ γμ맀μκ²λ 100λ§ μμ κ°κ° μμλ£λ‘ μ§κΈνλΌκ³ μ£Όλ¬Ένλ€. sewonlee@yna.co.kr
λ²μ "μΈμ°λ³΄λμ°λ§Ή μ μ‘±μ 200μ΅ λ°°μ"보λμ°λ§Ή μ¬κ±΄ κ΄λ ¨ κ΅κ° λ°°μ 첫 μΈμ (μμΈ=μ°ν©λ΄μ€) μ΄μΈμ κΈ°μ = 보λμ°λ§Ή μ¬κ±΄ ν¬μμ μ μ‘±μκ² κ΅κ°κ° 200μ΅ μλμ λ°°μκΈμ μ§κΈν΄μΌ νλ€λ λ²μμ 첫 νκ²°μ΄ λ΄λ €μ‘λ€. μμΈμ€μμ§λ² λ―Όμ¬ν©μ19λΆ(μ§μμ² λΆμ₯νμ¬)λ 10μΌ μΈμ° κ΅λ―Όλ³΄λμ°λ§Ή μ¬κ±΄μΌλ‘ μ¨μ§ μ₯λͺ¨μ¨μ μλ€ λ± μ μ‘± 508λͺ μ΄ κ΅κ°λ₯Ό μλλ‘ μ κΈ°ν μν΄λ°°μ μ²κ΅¬ μμ‘μμ "κ΅κ°λ μ μ‘±μκ² ν©κ³ 51μ΅4μ²600μ¬λ§ μμ μ§κΈνλΌ"κ³ νκ²°νλ€.
λ²μμ΄ μ§κΈμ λͺ ν κΈμ‘μ 1950λ μ κΈ°μ€μΌλ‘ ν μ‘μμ΄κ³ μ κ³ λΉμΌκΉμ§ 맀λ 5％μ μ§μ° μ΄μλ₯Ό μ§κΈν΄μΌ νλ μ μ κ³ λ €νλ©΄ μ€μ λ°°μμ‘μ 200μ΅μ¬ μμ λ¬νλ€. μ λΆκ° μ’μ΅κ΄λ ¨μλ₯Ό μ ν₯μν€κ³ μ΄λ€μ ν΅μ νκΈ° μν΄ 1949∼1950λ μ‘°μ§ν κ΅λ―Όλ³΄λμ°λ§Ήμ λμΈμ μΌλ‘λ μ ν₯μλ‘ κ΅¬μ±λ μ’μ΅μ ν₯μ λ¨μ²΄μμ νλ°©νμ§λ§ μ€μ λ‘λ κ΄λ³λ¨μ²΄μ μ±κ²©μ λ μλ€. 6γ25 μ μμ΄ ν°μ§μ λΉμ μ₯μμ€ λ΄λ¬΄λΆ μΉμκ΅μ₯μ μ κ΅μ 보λμ°λ§Ήμ λ±μ μ¦μ ꡬμνλΌκ³ μ§μνκ³ μΈμ°κ²½μ°°μμ κ΅κ΅° μ 보κ΅μ μΈμ° 보λμ°λ§Ήμμ μμ§γꡬκΈνλ€κ° κ²½λ¨ μΈμ°κ΅° λμ΄μ° 골μ§κΈ°μ λ°μ κ³ κ° μΌλμμ μ§λ¨ μ΄μ΄νλ€. μ μ‘±μ ν¬μμμ μ¬λ§ μ¬λΆλ μ¬λͺ κ²½μ λ±μ λν΄ μ ν μμ§ λͺ»νλ€ 4γ19 νλͺ μ΄ν μ μ‘±νλ₯Ό κ²°μ±ν΄ μ§μ κ·λͺ κ³Ό μ± μμ μ²λ²μ μꡬνκ³ μ΄μ λ°λΌ ν¬μμ μ 골μ λ°κ΅΄, ν©λ λ¬λ₯Ό μΈμ μ§λ§ μ΄ν 5γ16μΏ λ°νλ‘ λ¬κ° μ² κ±°λκ³ μ§μ κ·λͺ λ μ€λ¨λλ€. μ΄ν μ§μ€γνν΄λ₯Ό μν κ³Όκ±°μ¬μ 리μμν(μ΄ν μμν)λ 2006λ 10μ μ΄ μ¬κ±΄μ λν μ§μμ‘°μ¬λ₯Ό κ°μ, λ€μν΄ 11μ λ§κ» μΈμ°μ§μ κ΅λ―Όλ³΄λμ°λ§Ή μ¬κ±΄κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨λ ν¬μμ λͺ λ¨ 407λͺ μ νμ νλ€. μ΄μ μ μ‘±μ ν¬μμκ° νλ²μ 보μ₯λ μ 체μ μμ , μλͺ κΆ, μ λ²μ μ°¨μ μμΉ, μ¬νμ λ°μ κΆλ¦¬ λ±μ μΉ¨ν΄λΉνκ³ μ΄ λλ¬Έμ μ μ‘±μ΄ μ μ μ μ μ νΌν΄λ₯Ό λ°°μνλΌκ³ μμ‘μ λκ³ κ΅κ°λ μν΄λ°°μ μ²κ΅¬κΆμ΄ μλ©Έλλ€κ³ μ£Όμ₯νμΌλ λ²μμ 곡κΆλ ₯ λ¨μ©μΌλ‘ μΈν μ± μμ μΈμ νλ€. μ¬νλΆλ "1960λ μ μ ν΄κ° λ°κ΅΄λμ§λ§, μ μ‘±μ΄ ν¬μμμ ꡬ체μ μΈ μ¬λ§κ²½μ λ±μ λν΄μλ μ¬μ ν μμ§ λͺ»νλ λ± μ§μμ΄ κ·λͺ λμ§ μμκ³ 2007λ μμνμ ν¬μμ λͺ λ¨ λ°νλ‘ λΉλ‘μ μ§μ€μ μκ² λλ€"λ©° "μν΄λ°°μ μ²κ΅¬κΆμ΄ μν¨λ‘ μΈν΄ μλ©Ένλ€κ³ λ³Ό μ μλ€"κ³ νμνλ€. λ "μ μ‘±μ 보λμ°λ§Ή μ¬κ±΄ μ΄ν ν¬μμμ μμ¬μ κ΄ν μ΄λ€ ν΅μ§λ λ°μ§ λͺ»νκ³ κ²½μ°°μ΄ μ§μ€ κ·λͺ μꡬμ μνμ§ μλ λ± μμνμ λ°ν μ κΉμ§ κ΅κ°μ μλ²μ λν μμ¬λ§μΌλ‘ μμ‘μ μ κΈ°νκΈ°λ μ΄λ €μ΄ μ¬μ μ΄ μμλ€λ μ λ μΈμ λλ€"κ³ λ§λΆμλ€. μ΄μ λ°λΌ λ²μμ ν¬μμμκ² 2μ²λ§ μ, λ°°μ°μμκ² 1μ²λ§ μ, λΆλͺ¨μ μλ μκ² 200λ§ μ, νμ γμ맀μκ²λ 100λ§ μμ κ°κ° μμλ£λ‘ μ§κΈνλΌκ³ μ£Όλ¬Ένλ€. sewonlee@yna.co.kr
Friday, February 06, 2009
"μΌλ³Έμ΄ 'λ λλ μΌλ³Έλ ' νκ²°ν΄λ λ°λ₯Ό 건κ°?"
μ€λ§μ΄λ΄μ€ 2009-02-05
μ§λ 3μΌ λΆμ°κ³ λ±λ²μ μ 5λ―Όμ¬λΆ(μ¬νμ₯ μ΄μΉμ λΆμ₯νμ¬)λ μΌμ κ°μ κΈ° λ―Έμ°λΉμμ€κ³΅μ μ λλ €κ° μν νΌν΄λ₯Ό λ³Έ μ§μ©νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ λ―Έμ°λΉμλ₯Ό μλλ‘ νκ΅ λ²μμ μ μν μν΄λ°°μ μ²κ΅¬μμ‘ νμμ¬ μ¬νμμ 'μΌλ³Έμμ νμ νκ²°λ μ¬μμ λ°μλ€μ΄μ§ μμ κ·Όκ±°κ° μλ€'λ μ΄μ λ‘ κΈ°κ°νλ€.
μ΄λ² μ¬νμ μΌμ 'μ λ²'κΈ°μ μ μλλ‘ νΌν΄κ΅ νκ΅ λ²μμ μ κΈ°λ μ΅μ΄μ μ¬νμΌλ‘, ν₯ν λμΌ κ³Όκ±°μ¬ μμ‘μ μκΈμμ΄ λλ€λ μ μμ μ¬ν κ²°κ³Όμ νμ₯μ μ μ§ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μΈλ€.
μ΄μ μκ³ μΈ‘ λ³νΈλ₯Ό 맑μ μ΅λ΄ν λ³νΈμ¬λ₯Ό λ§λ μ΄ νκ²°μ λ΄κΈ΄ μλ―Έμ μ¬ν κ²°κ³Όμ λν μκ³ μΈ‘ 견ν΄λ₯Ό λ€μ΄λ³΄μλ€.
▲ μ΅λ΄ν λ³νΈμ¬κ° λΆμ° κ³ λ² νκ²° μ§ν κ°μ§ κΈ°μν견μμ μ·¨μ¬μ§λ€μκ² λ―Όμ¬μμ‘λ² μ‘°λ¬Έμ μ§μ΄κ°λ©° νκ²° κ²°κ³Όμ λν΄ κ°λ ₯νκ² μ΄μλ₯Ό μ κΈ°νκ³ μλ€.
- μ€λ§μ΄ ν° κ² κ°λ€. μ°μ μ΄λ² μ¬νμ λν΄ μ΄λ»κ² μκ°νλ?
"μ΄λ² μ¬νμ μΌμ νΌν΄μ λν΄ νΌν΄κ΅μΈ μ°λ¦¬λλΌ λ²μμ μ΅μ΄λ‘ μ κΈ°λ μ¬νμ΄μκ³ , νΌν΄κ΅κ°μμ λμ¨ μ΅μ΄μ κ³ λ² νκ²°μ΄λ€. μΌλ³Έ, λ―Έκ΅, μ€κ΅μμλ μ¬νμ΄ λ²μ΄μ§κ³ μμ§λ§ νΌν΄κ΅μ κ³ λ² νκ²°λ‘λ μ΅μ΄λ‘ λμ¨ μμ¬μ νκ²°μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ°λ° λμ ν νΌν΄κ΅μμλ λμ¬ μ μλ κ²°κ³Όκ° λμ€κ³ λ§μλ€. μ€λ§ μ λ²κ΅ μΌλ³Έμ νλ¨μ λ°μλ€μΌ κ²μ΄λΌκ³ λ κΏμλ μκ° λͺ»νλ€. μ°Έ λΉνΉμ€λ½λ€."
- μ¬νλΆμ λ Όλ¦¬λ μΌλ³Έμμ λμ¨ λ―Έμ°λΉμ κ΄λ ¨ νμ νκ²° κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ°λ¦¬ λ²μμμλ λ°μλ€μ¬μΌ νλ€λ κ², λ νλλ μν¨λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό μΈκΈν κ² κ°μλ°?
"κ·Έλ μ§ μμλ κ·Έκ² λ§μ΄ λμ§ μλλ€κ³ μμ°¨ μ€λΉμλ©΄μ ν΅ν΄ μ£Όμ₯ν΄ μλ€. μ¬νλΆλ‘μ μΌλ³Έ μ¬λ²λΆμ κ²°μ μ μΌμ’ μ λλ£μμμ΄ μμ μλ μκ² μ§λ§, μΌλ³Έ νκ²°μ΄ κ·Έλμ μΌμ νΌν΄μλ€μ κΆλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ΄μν΄ μ¨ κ²μΈλ°, κ·Έκ²μ λ°μλ€μ΄κ² λ€λ μ μμ μ΄λ² νκ²°μ κ°μ₯ λ° νλ²μ νκ²°μ΄λΌ ν μ μλ€."
"2μ 3μΌ, μ¬λ² μΉμμ΄μ λμΌ κ΅΄μμ λ λ‘ κΈ°λ‘λ κ²"
- λ¬΄μ¨ λ§μΈκ°. μ’ λ μ€λͺ ν΄ λ¬λΌ.
"μ°λ¦¬ λ―Όμ¬μμ‘λ² μ 217μ‘° 3νΈμλ μ 3κ΅μ νκ²°μ΄λΌλ ν μ§λΌλ 'κ·Έκ²μ΄ λνλ―Όκ΅μ μ λν νμμ΄λ κ·Έλ°μ μ¬νμ§μμ μ΄κΈλμ§ μμ λμλ§' ν¨λ ₯μ΄ μΈμ λλ κ²μΌλ‘ νκ³ μλ€.
μλ‘ μ§κΈκΉμ§ μΌλ³Έμμ μ΄λ€μ§ νκ²°μ νμΌλ³ν©μ λΉμ°ν κ²μΌλ‘ μ¬κΈ°κ³ μΌμ κ°μ λμ μμ λ²μ μν΄ ν©λ²μ μΌλ‘ μ§νλ κ²μ΄λΌλ κ²μ μ μ λ‘ κΉκ³ μλ€. κ·Έλ°λ° μ΄κ²μ μ°λ¦¬ μ¬λ²λΆκ° λ°μμ€μΌ νλ€λ κ²μ΄ μλκ³ λ¬΄μμ΄λ?
μ΄λ² κ³ λ² μ¬νλΆμ λ Όλ¦¬λλ‘λΌκ³ νλ©΄ μ°λ¦¬λ μμ§λ λͺ¨λ μΌλ³Έ κ΅λ―Όμ΄λ λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ€. μλνλ©΄, μΌμ μλμ λͺ¨λ μλ²μ§, ν μλ²μ§κ° μ°½μ¨κ°λͺ νκ³ μΌλ³Έκ΅λ―ΌμΌλ‘ λΌ μμλλ°, κ·Έλ¬λ©΄ μΈμ μ°λ¦¬κ° μΌλ³Έ κ΅μ λ²μ λ°λΌ ν©λ²μ μΌλ‘ μΌλ³Έκ΅μ μμ νν΄νλ μ μ°¨λ₯Ό κ±°μΉ μ μμλκ°? νλ§λλ‘ μ΄λ² κ³ λ² νκ²°μ μ°λ¦¬ κ΅λ―Όμ΄ λ€ μΌλ³Έ μ¬λμ΄λΌλ λ Όλ¦¬λ λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ€.
3·1μ΄λμΌλ‘ μ±λ¦½ν μμμ λΆμ λ²ν΅μ κ³μΉν λνλ―Όκ΅μ΄, νμΌλ³ν©μ ν©λ²μ μ΄λΌκ³ 보μ μ°λ¦¬ μμ μ λΆλ₯Ό 'λ°κ΅κ°λ¨μ²΄'λ‘ λ³΄λ μΌλ³Έ νκ²°μ κ·Έλλ‘ λ°λ₯΄λ κ²μ λ무λ μΉμμ μ΄κ³ κ΅΄μμ μ΄λ€. λμ€μ μμ¬κ°κ° κΈ°λ‘ν λ 2μ 3μΌ νκ²°μ κ³Όκ±° μΈνλΉ μ¬κ±΄λ³΄λ€λ λν μ¬λ² μΉμμ΄μ, λμΌ κ΅΄μμ λ λ‘ κΈ°λ‘λ κ²μμ΄ λΆλͺ νλ€."
"μΌλ³Έ λ λ νκ²° λλ©΄ νκ΅μμλ λ°μλ€μ¬μΌ νλ€λ κ²μΈκ°?”
- μκ³ λ€ νμ μ 보λ μμ μΆ©κ²©μ΄ ν° κ² κ°λ€. μ ν μμμΉ λͺ»ν κ²°κ³ΌμΈκ°?
"κ·Έλ λ€. μ΄ νκ²°μ μ½κ² λ§νλ©΄ μΌλ³Έμμ λ λκ° μΌλ³Έμ λ μ΄λΌκ³ νμ νκ²°μ΄ λ¬μΌλ©΄ κ·Έλλ‘ νκ΅μμλ λ°μλ€μ¬λ λ¬Έμ κ° μλ€λ κ²μ΄λ λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ€. μ΄κ² λ§μ΄ λλλ?
ν΅μμ μΈ κ±°λκ΄κ³μ νκ²°μ΄λΌλ©΄ ν·μΌκ°μ νκ²°μ μλ‘ μΉμΈνλ κ²μ λ¬Έλͺ κ΅κ° μμ μ μλ μΌμ΄μ§λ§, μΌλ³Έμ μ μ μ± μμ 묻λ νκ²°μ κ·Έ λ³Έμ§λ κ³ λ €νμ§ μκ³ νΌν΄κ΅ νκ΅μ λ²μμ΄ κ°ν΄κ΅μ νκ²°μ λ°μλ€μΈλ€κ³ νλ κ²μ νλΉνμ§ μμ λΏλ§ μλλΌ μ°λ¦¬ νλ²μλ λ°νλ κ²μ΄λ€.
μ°λ¦¬ νλ² μ λ¬Έμλ 3·1μ΄λμΌλ‘ μ±λ¦½ν μμμ λΆ λ²ν΅μ κ³μΉνλ€κ³ λͺ μλμ΄ μλ€. μμΈλ¬ μ°λ¦¬ νλ²μ μΉ¨λ΅μ μμ λΆμΈνκ³ μλλ°, μ΄λ μΉ¨λ΅μ μμΌλ‘ λ°μν λ²μ΅ μΉ¨ν΄λ₯Ό λ°©μΉν΄μλ μ λλ©°, κ·Έ μν΄λ₯Ό μ λΉνκ² ν볡ν΄μΌ νλ€λ λ»μ΄λ€. μ΄λ² νκ²°μ μ΄λ¬ν νλ²μ μλ―Έλ₯Ό 무μνλ λ°νλ²μ μΈ κ²μΌλ‘ λ³Ό μλ°μ μλ€. μΌλ³Έλ²κ³Ό νκ΅λ²μ κ°μ₯ ν° μ°¨μ΄μ μ λ°λ‘ νλ² μ μ μ μλ€. λνμ μΌλ‘ 'μ²ν©(μΌμ)'μ μΈμ νμ§ μλ 민주곡νκ΅μ΄ μ°λ¦¬ νλ² μ 1μ‘° 1νμ΄λ€."
- νκ²°μ΄ μ΄λ κ²κΉμ§ λμ¬ μλ°μ μμλ μ΄μ μ λν΄μλ μ΄λ»κ² μκ°νλ?
"μμ μ¬μ΄νμ¨ λ± μΌμ νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ μ μΌλ³Έμ μ² μ μλλ‘ μ κΈ°ν μν΄λ°°μ μμ‘μμ 2008λ 4μ 3μΌ μμΈμ€μμ§λ²μ μΌλ³Έ λ²μμ νμ νκ²°μ μΉμΈν μ μλ€κ³ ν΄ κΈ°κ°ν λ° μλλ°, μ΄λ² μ¬ν μμ κ·Έλ νκ²°μ λ°λΌκ° κ²μ΄λ€.
λΉμ μμΈμ€μμ§λ²μ νκ²°μ λν΄ νλ²μ κ²ν κ° μ λλ‘ μμλ€λ©΄ μ΄λ² νκ²°μ κ²°μ½ λμ€μ§ μμμ κ²μ΄λ€. μ΄ μ μμ μ μΌλ³Έμ μ² μ λ΄λΉλ³νΈμΈλ¨κ³Ό 곡쑰λ₯Ό μΆ©λΆν νμ§ λͺ»ν μλͺ»μ μ°λ¦¬ λ³νΈμΈλ¨μλ μμλ€κ³ μκ°νλ€. μ΄ μ μ λ°μ±νλ€."
λ¬Έμ μλ Ήλ κ±°λΆνλ©° μκ° λλ λ―Έμ°λΉμ, 'μ리λ 3νΈ' μμ£Ό
- μ΄λ² νκ²°μ μ€νλ € 1μ¬ νκ²°λ³΄λ€ νν΄ν κ²°κ³Όλ‘ λ³΄μ΄λλ°.
"κ·Έλ λ€. κ·Έμ€ νλλ₯Ό μ§μ νμλ©΄ 1μ¬μμλ ννμμ μ μ μ λ―Έμ°λΉμμ μ ν λ―Έμ°λΉμμ λν΄ μ¬μ€μ κ°μ νμ¬λ‘ λ΄μΌ νλ€κ³ νλ¨νλλ°, μ΄λ² νκ²°μμλ μ΄κ²λ§μ λ λ²λ³΅μ΄ λ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μΈλ€.
κ·Έλ°λ° μ΄κ²μ΄ μκΈ°λ κ², κ·Έλμ νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ λ―Έμ°λΉμ νκ΅λ²μΈμ μ°Ύμκ° νλ² λ§λλ €κ³ ν΄λ μ μ μ νμ¬μ λ€λ₯΄λ€λ©° λ§λμ£Όμ§λ μλ λ―Έμ°λΉμκ°, μ리λ 3νΈ μμ±κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨ν΄μλ νκ΅ν곡μ°μ£Όμ°κ΅¬μκ³Ό λͺ¨λ κ΄λ ¨λ¬Έμ μλ Ήμ λ€ ν΄μλ μ¬μ€μ΄λ€. λ¬Έμλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ νμΈλ λ΄μ©μ΄λ€.
μ΄λ² νμμ¬μ νμμ₯ μμ νμ¬κ° λ€λ₯΄λ€κ³ μλ Ήμ κ±°λΆν΄ μ§κΈκΉμ§ κ΅μ μ‘λ¬κΉμ§ νμλλ°, μ΄λ° μκΎλ₯Ό νκ΅ λ²μμ΄ λ°μλ€μ¬μΌ νλ€λ κ²μΈκ°? νΉν μ¬νμ 9λ μ§Έ λμ΄ μ¨ κ°μ₯ ν° μ΄μ λ κ°μΈμ²κ΅¬κΆμ κ΄ν μλ©Έμ¬λΆλ₯Ό νμΈνλ κ²μ΄μλ€. κ·Έλμ μΌλ³Έ νκ²°μ νμΌνμ λ° μΌλ³Έμ κ΅λ΄λ²μ μν΄ κ°μΈ μ²κ΅¬κΆμ΄ μλ©Έλλ€κ³ μ£Όμ₯ν΄μλ€.
κ·Έμ λ°ν΄ μ°λ¦¬ μ λΆλ 2005λ μ 40μ¬ λ λ§μ νμΌνμ λ¬Έμλ₯Ό 곡κ°ν λΉμ, λ°μΈλμ λ²μ£μ κ΄λ ¨ν΄μλ νμΌνμ κ³Ό 무κ΄νλ€λ©° μΌλ³Έμ λ²μ μ± μμ΄ μλ€λ λ²μ 견ν΄λ₯Ό λͺ λ°±ν λ°ν λ° μλ€.
λΉμ λ―Όκ΄κ³΅λμμνμ λ―Όκ°μΈ μμμ₯μ΄ νμ¬ μ΄μ©ν λλ²μμ₯μΈλ°, μ΄λ² νκ²°μ μ΄λ° λ―Όκ΄κ³΅λμμνμ κΆμ μλ 곡μμ μΈ λ²μ 견ν΄μ‘°μ°¨ 무μνκ³ μΌλ³Έ νκ²°μ λ°λΌκ°κ² λ€λ κ²μ΄λ λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ€."
10λ 'μν¨' μ μ©νλ©΄ 64λ μ§λ μΌμ κ³Όκ±° μ²μ°μ λΆκ°λ₯
- 10λ μ΄λΌλ μν¨λ μΈκΈνλλ°?
"μΌλ§ μ 'λ λκ° μΌλ³Έ λ μ΄ μλλ€'λΌλ μΌλ³Έλ²λ Ήμ μ΅μ΄λ‘ λ°κ²¬ν μ¬μΌλν¬ 3μΈ μ΄μμμ¨μ ν¨κ» 'μΌννλ΄ μ 면곡κ°λ₯Ό μꡬνλ ν' κ³ λ€μΌ νλ‘μ½ μ¬λ¬΄κ΅μ₯μ΄ νκ΅μ λ°©λ¬Έν λ° μλλ°, μν¨λ¬Έμ λ‘ 1μ¬μμ κΈ°κ°λ μ¬μ€μ μκ³ λ κΉμ§ λλΌλλΌ.
μλ μ¬μ§μ΄ μΌλ³Έμμμ‘°μ°¨ νλ‘κ° κ³μ λ°μ ν΄ μ 본건과 κ°μ μ ν보μ μ¬νμμλ μ΅μν μν¨λ¬Έμ λ‘λ κΈ°κ°νλ νκ²°μ΄ μ΄λ €μμ Έ νμΌμ²κ΅¬κΆ νμ μ νκ³λ‘ μ μΉμ νλ¨μ νκ³ μλ λ§λΉμ, κ°ν΄κ΅λ μλ νΌν΄κ΅κ°μ λ²μμμ μν¨λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό λ°μ§λ€λ κ² λ§μ΄ λλλλ κ²μ΄λ€.
κ·Έ λ§μ λ£κ³ κ³ λ€μΌ νλ‘μ½ μ¬λ¬΄κ΅μ₯μ΄ μ¦μ μ΄λ² λ΄λΉ νμ¬νν μ§μ νΈμ§κΉμ§ μ¨μ λ³΄λΈ μΌμ΄ μλλ° λ΄λΉ νμ¬κ° κ·Έ νΈμ§λ μ λλ‘ μ½μ΄ λ΄€λμ§ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² λ€.
μ¬νλΆμ λ Όλ¦¬λλ‘ νμλ©΄ μκ³ λ€μ΄ νΌν΄λ₯Ό λ³Έ μκΈ°μΈ 1944λ ~1945λ μΌλ‘λΆν° 10λ μ΄ μ§λ¬λ€λ μ£Όμ₯μ΄μ΄μ μλ₯Ό μ κΈ°ν μ μλ€λ μ μ₯μΈλ°, κ³Όμ° μΌμ νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ κ·Έλμ 'κΆλ¦¬ μμ μ μ μλ€μΈκ°' νλ κ²μ΄λ€. ν΄λ°©κ³Ό νκ΅μ μμ νΌλκΈ°, νμΌμ²κ΅¬κΆνμ μ μν΄ κΆλ¦¬ν볡μ κΈ°νλ§μ μ² μ ν μ°¨λ¨λΉν΄ μ¨ μν, μ°λ¦¬ μμμ λΆμ λ²ν΅μ κ³μΉνλ μ°λ¦¬ νλ²μ μ μ μκ°νλ©΄ λμ ν μ΄ν΄ν μ μλ νκ²°μ΄λ€.
κ°ν΄κ΅λ μλ μ°λ¦¬ μ¬λ²λΆκ° '10λ 'μ΄λΌλ μν¨κ° μ§λ¬κΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ λλ€κ³ νλ€λ, μ°Έ μ΄μ΄κ° μλ€. μ΄λ κ² λλ©΄ μ΄λ―Έ 10λ μ΄ μλλΌ ν΄λ°© 64λ μ΄ λ μ§λ¬λλ° λ μ΄μ λνλ―Όκ΅ λ μμλ μΌμ κ³Όκ±°μ²μ°μ λΆκ°λ₯νλ€λ κ² μλκ°?
μΈνλΉ μ¬κ±΄μ΄λ κ΄μ£Ό 5.18νμ, μ΅μ’ κΈΈ μμΈλ κ΅μ μ¬κ±΄ λ± κ³Όκ±° μ κΆνμμ μ΄λ€μ§ μλ§μ μ¬κ±΄λ€λ κ³Όκ±°μ²μ° μ°¨μμμ μλ‘ νκ²°νκ³ μλλ°, λμΌ κ³Όκ±° μ²μ°μ 10λ μ΄λΌλ μν¨λ₯Ό μ£λλ₯Ό λ€μ΄λ°μ§λ μ λ§ λͺ°λλ€."
- μ μ λ€λ₯Έ μ§λ¬ΈμΈλ°, μ΄λ»κ² λΆμ°μμ μ¬νμ μμνκ² λλ?
"2000λ λΉμ λ―Έμ°λΉμ μ°λ½μ¬λ¬΄μκ° λΆμ°μ μμ΄ λΆμ°μ§λ°©λ²μμ μ κΈ°νκ² λλ€. κ·Έλ°λ° κ·Έ λ€λ‘ λ―Έμ°λΉμκ° μ°λ½μ¬λ¬΄μλ₯Ό νμνκ³ νκ΅ λ―Έμ°λΉμλΌκ³ νλ νμ¬λ₯Ό μ€λ¦½ν΄ λ¬Έμμλ Ήλ§μ κ±°λΆνκ³ λ§μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ ν΅μ μΌμΌμ΄ λ²μν΄ λ³Έμ¬μ κ΅μ μ‘λ¬μ νλλΌ 6κ°μ λμ νμ‘μΈμν΄μΌ νλ€. λ―Έμ°λΉμμ ννλ₯Ό 보면 μ¬νμ μ§μ°μμΌ νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ ν λΆμ΄λΌλ λμκ°μλλ‘ λ§λ€κ² λ€λ μ¬λ³΄μ²λΌ λκ»΄μ§λ€."
"λ§μΉ νκ΅λ²μ μλλΌ μΌλ³Έλ²μ κ°λ€"
- μκ³ μ¬λΆλ μ΄λ»κ² λλ?
"νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ λνλ―Όκ΅ μ¬λ²λΆλ₯Ό λ―Ώμ§ λͺ»νκ² λ€κ³ νλ©΄μλ μ΄λ² νκ²°λ§νΌμ λμ ν λ°μλ€μ΄μ§ λͺ»νκ² λ€λ νλμΈ λ§νΌ νΌν΄μλ€μ μμ¬μ λ°λ₯Ό μκ°μ΄λ€. μμ§ν μ€λ νκ²°λ§ λ³΄λ©΄ λ§μΉ νκ΅λ²μμ΄ μλλΌ μΌλ³Έλ²μ κ°λ€."
- 9λ μ λμ΄μ¨ μ¬κ±΄μΈλ° κ²°κ΅ ν¨μνκ³ λ§μλ€. μ΄λ² μ¬νμ λν΄ μΌλ³Έμμλ κ΄μ¬μκ² μ§μΌλ³΄κ³ μμμν λ°, μ΄λ€ μ¬μ μΈκ°?
"μ΄μ ―λ°€μ νλ μ΅μΈν΄ μ μ΄ μ μ€μ§ μμλ€. μ΄ μ¬κ±΄μ 맑μ λ μΌλ³Έ λ³νΈμ¬λ€μ΄ λμ ν μΌλ³Έμμλ μμ¬μ μΈ νκ²°μ΄ λμ€μ§ μμ νκ΅μ μ¬λ²λΆλ₯Ό λ―Ώκ³ μ¬νμ ν΄ λ³΄μκ³ ν΄μ μ νμ μμνλλ° μ΄ μ¬ν κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄λ»κ² μ λ¬ν μ§ κ±±μ μ΄λ€. μΌλ³Έμμλ λ²λ²μ΄ ν¨μν΄ νΌν΄κ΅μΈ νκ΅μμ μ΄λ¦¬λ μ¬νμ λ€λ₯Ό κ²μ΄λΌκ³ μκ°νμ ν λ°, μμ§ν μΌλ³Έ λ³νΈμ¬ λ³΄κΈ°κ° λΆλλ½λ€."
μ΄κ΅μΈ κΈ°μ
μ§λ 3μΌ λΆμ°κ³ λ±λ²μ μ 5λ―Όμ¬λΆ(μ¬νμ₯ μ΄μΉμ λΆμ₯νμ¬)λ μΌμ κ°μ κΈ° λ―Έμ°λΉμμ€κ³΅μ μ λλ €κ° μν νΌν΄λ₯Ό λ³Έ μ§μ©νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ λ―Έμ°λΉμλ₯Ό μλλ‘ νκ΅ λ²μμ μ μν μν΄λ°°μ μ²κ΅¬μμ‘ νμμ¬ μ¬νμμ 'μΌλ³Έμμ νμ νκ²°λ μ¬μμ λ°μλ€μ΄μ§ μμ κ·Όκ±°κ° μλ€'λ μ΄μ λ‘ κΈ°κ°νλ€.
μ΄λ² μ¬νμ μΌμ 'μ λ²'κΈ°μ μ μλλ‘ νΌν΄κ΅ νκ΅ λ²μμ μ κΈ°λ μ΅μ΄μ μ¬νμΌλ‘, ν₯ν λμΌ κ³Όκ±°μ¬ μμ‘μ μκΈμμ΄ λλ€λ μ μμ μ¬ν κ²°κ³Όμ νμ₯μ μ μ§ μμ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μΈλ€.
μ΄μ μκ³ μΈ‘ λ³νΈλ₯Ό 맑μ μ΅λ΄ν λ³νΈμ¬λ₯Ό λ§λ μ΄ νκ²°μ λ΄κΈ΄ μλ―Έμ μ¬ν κ²°κ³Όμ λν μκ³ μΈ‘ 견ν΄λ₯Ό λ€μ΄λ³΄μλ€.
▲ μ΅λ΄ν λ³νΈμ¬κ° λΆμ° κ³ λ² νκ²° μ§ν κ°μ§ κΈ°μν견μμ μ·¨μ¬μ§λ€μκ² λ―Όμ¬μμ‘λ² μ‘°λ¬Έμ μ§μ΄κ°λ©° νκ²° κ²°κ³Όμ λν΄ κ°λ ₯νκ² μ΄μλ₯Ό μ κΈ°νκ³ μλ€.
- μ€λ§μ΄ ν° κ² κ°λ€. μ°μ μ΄λ² μ¬νμ λν΄ μ΄λ»κ² μκ°νλ?
"μ΄λ² μ¬νμ μΌμ νΌν΄μ λν΄ νΌν΄κ΅μΈ μ°λ¦¬λλΌ λ²μμ μ΅μ΄λ‘ μ κΈ°λ μ¬νμ΄μκ³ , νΌν΄κ΅κ°μμ λμ¨ μ΅μ΄μ κ³ λ² νκ²°μ΄λ€. μΌλ³Έ, λ―Έκ΅, μ€κ΅μμλ μ¬νμ΄ λ²μ΄μ§κ³ μμ§λ§ νΌν΄κ΅μ κ³ λ² νκ²°λ‘λ μ΅μ΄λ‘ λμ¨ μμ¬μ νκ²°μ΄λ€. κ·Έλ°λ° λμ ν νΌν΄κ΅μμλ λμ¬ μ μλ κ²°κ³Όκ° λμ€κ³ λ§μλ€. μ€λ§ μ λ²κ΅ μΌλ³Έμ νλ¨μ λ°μλ€μΌ κ²μ΄λΌκ³ λ κΏμλ μκ° λͺ»νλ€. μ°Έ λΉνΉμ€λ½λ€."
- μ¬νλΆμ λ Όλ¦¬λ μΌλ³Έμμ λμ¨ λ―Έμ°λΉμ κ΄λ ¨ νμ νκ²° κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ°λ¦¬ λ²μμμλ λ°μλ€μ¬μΌ νλ€λ κ², λ νλλ μν¨λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό μΈκΈν κ² κ°μλ°?
"κ·Έλ μ§ μμλ κ·Έκ² λ§μ΄ λμ§ μλλ€κ³ μμ°¨ μ€λΉμλ©΄μ ν΅ν΄ μ£Όμ₯ν΄ μλ€. μ¬νλΆλ‘μ μΌλ³Έ μ¬λ²λΆμ κ²°μ μ μΌμ’ μ λλ£μμμ΄ μμ μλ μκ² μ§λ§, μΌλ³Έ νκ²°μ΄ κ·Έλμ μΌμ νΌν΄μλ€μ κΆλ¦¬λ₯Ό λ΄μν΄ μ¨ κ²μΈλ°, κ·Έκ²μ λ°μλ€μ΄κ² λ€λ μ μμ μ΄λ² νκ²°μ κ°μ₯ λ° νλ²μ νκ²°μ΄λΌ ν μ μλ€."
"2μ 3μΌ, μ¬λ² μΉμμ΄μ λμΌ κ΅΄μμ λ λ‘ κΈ°λ‘λ κ²"
- λ¬΄μ¨ λ§μΈκ°. μ’ λ μ€λͺ ν΄ λ¬λΌ.
"μ°λ¦¬ λ―Όμ¬μμ‘λ² μ 217μ‘° 3νΈμλ μ 3κ΅μ νκ²°μ΄λΌλ ν μ§λΌλ 'κ·Έκ²μ΄ λνλ―Όκ΅μ μ λν νμμ΄λ κ·Έλ°μ μ¬νμ§μμ μ΄κΈλμ§ μμ λμλ§' ν¨λ ₯μ΄ μΈμ λλ κ²μΌλ‘ νκ³ μλ€.
μλ‘ μ§κΈκΉμ§ μΌλ³Έμμ μ΄λ€μ§ νκ²°μ νμΌλ³ν©μ λΉμ°ν κ²μΌλ‘ μ¬κΈ°κ³ μΌμ κ°μ λμ μμ λ²μ μν΄ ν©λ²μ μΌλ‘ μ§νλ κ²μ΄λΌλ κ²μ μ μ λ‘ κΉκ³ μλ€. κ·Έλ°λ° μ΄κ²μ μ°λ¦¬ μ¬λ²λΆκ° λ°μμ€μΌ νλ€λ κ²μ΄ μλκ³ λ¬΄μμ΄λ?
μ΄λ² κ³ λ² μ¬νλΆμ λ Όλ¦¬λλ‘λΌκ³ νλ©΄ μ°λ¦¬λ μμ§λ λͺ¨λ μΌλ³Έ κ΅λ―Όμ΄λ λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ€. μλνλ©΄, μΌμ μλμ λͺ¨λ μλ²μ§, ν μλ²μ§κ° μ°½μ¨κ°λͺ νκ³ μΌλ³Έκ΅λ―ΌμΌλ‘ λΌ μμλλ°, κ·Έλ¬λ©΄ μΈμ μ°λ¦¬κ° μΌλ³Έ κ΅μ λ²μ λ°λΌ ν©λ²μ μΌλ‘ μΌλ³Έκ΅μ μμ νν΄νλ μ μ°¨λ₯Ό κ±°μΉ μ μμλκ°? νλ§λλ‘ μ΄λ² κ³ λ² νκ²°μ μ°λ¦¬ κ΅λ―Όμ΄ λ€ μΌλ³Έ μ¬λμ΄λΌλ λ Όλ¦¬λ λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ€.
3·1μ΄λμΌλ‘ μ±λ¦½ν μμμ λΆμ λ²ν΅μ κ³μΉν λνλ―Όκ΅μ΄, νμΌλ³ν©μ ν©λ²μ μ΄λΌκ³ 보μ μ°λ¦¬ μμ μ λΆλ₯Ό 'λ°κ΅κ°λ¨μ²΄'λ‘ λ³΄λ μΌλ³Έ νκ²°μ κ·Έλλ‘ λ°λ₯΄λ κ²μ λ무λ μΉμμ μ΄κ³ κ΅΄μμ μ΄λ€. λμ€μ μμ¬κ°κ° κΈ°λ‘ν λ 2μ 3μΌ νκ²°μ κ³Όκ±° μΈνλΉ μ¬κ±΄λ³΄λ€λ λν μ¬λ² μΉμμ΄μ, λμΌ κ΅΄μμ λ λ‘ κΈ°λ‘λ κ²μμ΄ λΆλͺ νλ€."
"μΌλ³Έ λ λ νκ²° λλ©΄ νκ΅μμλ λ°μλ€μ¬μΌ νλ€λ κ²μΈκ°?”
- μκ³ λ€ νμ μ 보λ μμ μΆ©κ²©μ΄ ν° κ² κ°λ€. μ ν μμμΉ λͺ»ν κ²°κ³ΌμΈκ°?
"κ·Έλ λ€. μ΄ νκ²°μ μ½κ² λ§νλ©΄ μΌλ³Έμμ λ λκ° μΌλ³Έμ λ μ΄λΌκ³ νμ νκ²°μ΄ λ¬μΌλ©΄ κ·Έλλ‘ νκ΅μμλ λ°μλ€μ¬λ λ¬Έμ κ° μλ€λ κ²μ΄λ λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ€. μ΄κ² λ§μ΄ λλλ?
ν΅μμ μΈ κ±°λκ΄κ³μ νκ²°μ΄λΌλ©΄ ν·μΌκ°μ νκ²°μ μλ‘ μΉμΈνλ κ²μ λ¬Έλͺ κ΅κ° μμ μ μλ μΌμ΄μ§λ§, μΌλ³Έμ μ μ μ± μμ 묻λ νκ²°μ κ·Έ λ³Έμ§λ κ³ λ €νμ§ μκ³ νΌν΄κ΅ νκ΅μ λ²μμ΄ κ°ν΄κ΅μ νκ²°μ λ°μλ€μΈλ€κ³ νλ κ²μ νλΉνμ§ μμ λΏλ§ μλλΌ μ°λ¦¬ νλ²μλ λ°νλ κ²μ΄λ€.
μ°λ¦¬ νλ² μ λ¬Έμλ 3·1μ΄λμΌλ‘ μ±λ¦½ν μμμ λΆ λ²ν΅μ κ³μΉνλ€κ³ λͺ μλμ΄ μλ€. μμΈλ¬ μ°λ¦¬ νλ²μ μΉ¨λ΅μ μμ λΆμΈνκ³ μλλ°, μ΄λ μΉ¨λ΅μ μμΌλ‘ λ°μν λ²μ΅ μΉ¨ν΄λ₯Ό λ°©μΉν΄μλ μ λλ©°, κ·Έ μν΄λ₯Ό μ λΉνκ² ν볡ν΄μΌ νλ€λ λ»μ΄λ€. μ΄λ² νκ²°μ μ΄λ¬ν νλ²μ μλ―Έλ₯Ό 무μνλ λ°νλ²μ μΈ κ²μΌλ‘ λ³Ό μλ°μ μλ€. μΌλ³Έλ²κ³Ό νκ΅λ²μ κ°μ₯ ν° μ°¨μ΄μ μ λ°λ‘ νλ² μ μ μ μλ€. λνμ μΌλ‘ 'μ²ν©(μΌμ)'μ μΈμ νμ§ μλ 민주곡νκ΅μ΄ μ°λ¦¬ νλ² μ 1μ‘° 1νμ΄λ€."
- νκ²°μ΄ μ΄λ κ²κΉμ§ λμ¬ μλ°μ μμλ μ΄μ μ λν΄μλ μ΄λ»κ² μκ°νλ?
"μμ μ¬μ΄νμ¨ λ± μΌμ νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ μ μΌλ³Έμ μ² μ μλλ‘ μ κΈ°ν μν΄λ°°μ μμ‘μμ 2008λ 4μ 3μΌ μμΈμ€μμ§λ²μ μΌλ³Έ λ²μμ νμ νκ²°μ μΉμΈν μ μλ€κ³ ν΄ κΈ°κ°ν λ° μλλ°, μ΄λ² μ¬ν μμ κ·Έλ νκ²°μ λ°λΌκ° κ²μ΄λ€.
λΉμ μμΈμ€μμ§λ²μ νκ²°μ λν΄ νλ²μ κ²ν κ° μ λλ‘ μμλ€λ©΄ μ΄λ² νκ²°μ κ²°μ½ λμ€μ§ μμμ κ²μ΄λ€. μ΄ μ μμ μ μΌλ³Έμ μ² μ λ΄λΉλ³νΈμΈλ¨κ³Ό 곡쑰λ₯Ό μΆ©λΆν νμ§ λͺ»ν μλͺ»μ μ°λ¦¬ λ³νΈμΈλ¨μλ μμλ€κ³ μκ°νλ€. μ΄ μ μ λ°μ±νλ€."
λ¬Έμ μλ Ήλ κ±°λΆνλ©° μκ° λλ λ―Έμ°λΉμ, 'μ리λ 3νΈ' μμ£Ό
- μ΄λ² νκ²°μ μ€νλ € 1μ¬ νκ²°λ³΄λ€ νν΄ν κ²°κ³Όλ‘ λ³΄μ΄λλ°.
"κ·Έλ λ€. κ·Έμ€ νλλ₯Ό μ§μ νμλ©΄ 1μ¬μμλ ννμμ μ μ μ λ―Έμ°λΉμμ μ ν λ―Έμ°λΉμμ λν΄ μ¬μ€μ κ°μ νμ¬λ‘ λ΄μΌ νλ€κ³ νλ¨νλλ°, μ΄λ² νκ²°μμλ μ΄κ²λ§μ λ λ²λ³΅μ΄ λ κ²μΌλ‘ 보μΈλ€.
κ·Έλ°λ° μ΄κ²μ΄ μκΈ°λ κ², κ·Έλμ νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ λ―Έμ°λΉμ νκ΅λ²μΈμ μ°Ύμκ° νλ² λ§λλ €κ³ ν΄λ μ μ μ νμ¬μ λ€λ₯΄λ€λ©° λ§λμ£Όμ§λ μλ λ―Έμ°λΉμκ°, μ리λ 3νΈ μμ±κ³Ό κ΄λ ¨ν΄μλ νκ΅ν곡μ°μ£Όμ°κ΅¬μκ³Ό λͺ¨λ κ΄λ ¨λ¬Έμ μλ Ήμ λ€ ν΄μλ μ¬μ€μ΄λ€. λ¬Έμλ₯Ό ν΅ν΄ νμΈλ λ΄μ©μ΄λ€.
μ΄λ² νμμ¬μ νμμ₯ μμ νμ¬κ° λ€λ₯΄λ€κ³ μλ Ήμ κ±°λΆν΄ μ§κΈκΉμ§ κ΅μ μ‘λ¬κΉμ§ νμλλ°, μ΄λ° μκΎλ₯Ό νκ΅ λ²μμ΄ λ°μλ€μ¬μΌ νλ€λ κ²μΈκ°? νΉν μ¬νμ 9λ μ§Έ λμ΄ μ¨ κ°μ₯ ν° μ΄μ λ κ°μΈμ²κ΅¬κΆμ κ΄ν μλ©Έμ¬λΆλ₯Ό νμΈνλ κ²μ΄μλ€. κ·Έλμ μΌλ³Έ νκ²°μ νμΌνμ λ° μΌλ³Έμ κ΅λ΄λ²μ μν΄ κ°μΈ μ²κ΅¬κΆμ΄ μλ©Έλλ€κ³ μ£Όμ₯ν΄μλ€.
κ·Έμ λ°ν΄ μ°λ¦¬ μ λΆλ 2005λ μ 40μ¬ λ λ§μ νμΌνμ λ¬Έμλ₯Ό 곡κ°ν λΉμ, λ°μΈλμ λ²μ£μ κ΄λ ¨ν΄μλ νμΌνμ κ³Ό 무κ΄νλ€λ©° μΌλ³Έμ λ²μ μ± μμ΄ μλ€λ λ²μ 견ν΄λ₯Ό λͺ λ°±ν λ°ν λ° μλ€.
λΉμ λ―Όκ΄κ³΅λμμνμ λ―Όκ°μΈ μμμ₯μ΄ νμ¬ μ΄μ©ν λλ²μμ₯μΈλ°, μ΄λ² νκ²°μ μ΄λ° λ―Όκ΄κ³΅λμμνμ κΆμ μλ 곡μμ μΈ λ²μ 견ν΄μ‘°μ°¨ 무μνκ³ μΌλ³Έ νκ²°μ λ°λΌκ°κ² λ€λ κ²μ΄λ λ§μ°¬κ°μ§λ€."
10λ 'μν¨' μ μ©νλ©΄ 64λ μ§λ μΌμ κ³Όκ±° μ²μ°μ λΆκ°λ₯
- 10λ μ΄λΌλ μν¨λ μΈκΈνλλ°?
"μΌλ§ μ 'λ λκ° μΌλ³Έ λ μ΄ μλλ€'λΌλ μΌλ³Έλ²λ Ήμ μ΅μ΄λ‘ λ°κ²¬ν μ¬μΌλν¬ 3μΈ μ΄μμμ¨μ ν¨κ» 'μΌννλ΄ μ 면곡κ°λ₯Ό μꡬνλ ν' κ³ λ€μΌ νλ‘μ½ μ¬λ¬΄κ΅μ₯μ΄ νκ΅μ λ°©λ¬Έν λ° μλλ°, μν¨λ¬Έμ λ‘ 1μ¬μμ κΈ°κ°λ μ¬μ€μ μκ³ λ κΉμ§ λλΌλλΌ.
μλ μ¬μ§μ΄ μΌλ³Έμμμ‘°μ°¨ νλ‘κ° κ³μ λ°μ ν΄ μ 본건과 κ°μ μ ν보μ μ¬νμμλ μ΅μν μν¨λ¬Έμ λ‘λ κΈ°κ°νλ νκ²°μ΄ μ΄λ €μμ Έ νμΌμ²κ΅¬κΆ νμ μ νκ³λ‘ μ μΉμ νλ¨μ νκ³ μλ λ§λΉμ, κ°ν΄κ΅λ μλ νΌν΄κ΅κ°μ λ²μμμ μν¨λ¬Έμ λ₯Ό λ°μ§λ€λ κ² λ§μ΄ λλλλ κ²μ΄λ€.
κ·Έ λ§μ λ£κ³ κ³ λ€μΌ νλ‘μ½ μ¬λ¬΄κ΅μ₯μ΄ μ¦μ μ΄λ² λ΄λΉ νμ¬νν μ§μ νΈμ§κΉμ§ μ¨μ λ³΄λΈ μΌμ΄ μλλ° λ΄λΉ νμ¬κ° κ·Έ νΈμ§λ μ λλ‘ μ½μ΄ λ΄€λμ§ λͺ¨λ₯΄κ² λ€.
μ¬νλΆμ λ Όλ¦¬λλ‘ νμλ©΄ μκ³ λ€μ΄ νΌν΄λ₯Ό λ³Έ μκΈ°μΈ 1944λ ~1945λ μΌλ‘λΆν° 10λ μ΄ μ§λ¬λ€λ μ£Όμ₯μ΄μ΄μ μλ₯Ό μ κΈ°ν μ μλ€λ μ μ₯μΈλ°, κ³Όμ° μΌμ νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ κ·Έλμ 'κΆλ¦¬ μμ μ μ μλ€μΈκ°' νλ κ²μ΄λ€. ν΄λ°©κ³Ό νκ΅μ μμ νΌλκΈ°, νμΌμ²κ΅¬κΆνμ μ μν΄ κΆλ¦¬ν볡μ κΈ°νλ§μ μ² μ ν μ°¨λ¨λΉν΄ μ¨ μν, μ°λ¦¬ μμμ λΆμ λ²ν΅μ κ³μΉνλ μ°λ¦¬ νλ²μ μ μ μκ°νλ©΄ λμ ν μ΄ν΄ν μ μλ νκ²°μ΄λ€.
κ°ν΄κ΅λ μλ μ°λ¦¬ μ¬λ²λΆκ° '10λ 'μ΄λΌλ μν¨κ° μ§λ¬κΈ° λλ¬Έμ μ λλ€κ³ νλ€λ, μ°Έ μ΄μ΄κ° μλ€. μ΄λ κ² λλ©΄ μ΄λ―Έ 10λ μ΄ μλλΌ ν΄λ°© 64λ μ΄ λ μ§λ¬λλ° λ μ΄μ λνλ―Όκ΅ λ μμλ μΌμ κ³Όκ±°μ²μ°μ λΆκ°λ₯νλ€λ κ² μλκ°?
μΈνλΉ μ¬κ±΄μ΄λ κ΄μ£Ό 5.18νμ, μ΅μ’ κΈΈ μμΈλ κ΅μ μ¬κ±΄ λ± κ³Όκ±° μ κΆνμμ μ΄λ€μ§ μλ§μ μ¬κ±΄λ€λ κ³Όκ±°μ²μ° μ°¨μμμ μλ‘ νκ²°νκ³ μλλ°, λμΌ κ³Όκ±° μ²μ°μ 10λ μ΄λΌλ μν¨λ₯Ό μ£λλ₯Ό λ€μ΄λ°μ§λ μ λ§ λͺ°λλ€."
- μ μ λ€λ₯Έ μ§λ¬ΈμΈλ°, μ΄λ»κ² λΆμ°μμ μ¬νμ μμνκ² λλ?
"2000λ λΉμ λ―Έμ°λΉμ μ°λ½μ¬λ¬΄μκ° λΆμ°μ μμ΄ λΆμ°μ§λ°©λ²μμ μ κΈ°νκ² λλ€. κ·Έλ°λ° κ·Έ λ€λ‘ λ―Έμ°λΉμκ° μ°λ½μ¬λ¬΄μλ₯Ό νμνκ³ νκ΅ λ―Έμ°λΉμλΌκ³ νλ νμ¬λ₯Ό μ€λ¦½ν΄ λ¬Έμμλ Ήλ§μ κ±°λΆνκ³ λ§μλ€. κ·Έλ¬λ ν΅μ μΌμΌμ΄ λ²μν΄ λ³Έμ¬μ κ΅μ μ‘λ¬μ νλλΌ 6κ°μ λμ νμ‘μΈμν΄μΌ νλ€. λ―Έμ°λΉμμ ννλ₯Ό 보면 μ¬νμ μ§μ°μμΌ νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ ν λΆμ΄λΌλ λμκ°μλλ‘ λ§λ€κ² λ€λ μ¬λ³΄μ²λΌ λκ»΄μ§λ€."
"λ§μΉ νκ΅λ²μ μλλΌ μΌλ³Έλ²μ κ°λ€"
- μκ³ μ¬λΆλ μ΄λ»κ² λλ?
"νΌν΄μλ€μ΄ λνλ―Όκ΅ μ¬λ²λΆλ₯Ό λ―Ώμ§ λͺ»νκ² λ€κ³ νλ©΄μλ μ΄λ² νκ²°λ§νΌμ λμ ν λ°μλ€μ΄μ§ λͺ»νκ² λ€λ νλμΈ λ§νΌ νΌν΄μλ€μ μμ¬μ λ°λ₯Ό μκ°μ΄λ€. μμ§ν μ€λ νκ²°λ§ λ³΄λ©΄ λ§μΉ νκ΅λ²μμ΄ μλλΌ μΌλ³Έλ²μ κ°λ€."
- 9λ μ λμ΄μ¨ μ¬κ±΄μΈλ° κ²°κ΅ ν¨μνκ³ λ§μλ€. μ΄λ² μ¬νμ λν΄ μΌλ³Έμμλ κ΄μ¬μκ² μ§μΌλ³΄κ³ μμμν λ°, μ΄λ€ μ¬μ μΈκ°?
"μ΄μ ―λ°€μ νλ μ΅μΈν΄ μ μ΄ μ μ€μ§ μμλ€. μ΄ μ¬κ±΄μ 맑μ λ μΌλ³Έ λ³νΈμ¬λ€μ΄ λμ ν μΌλ³Έμμλ μμ¬μ μΈ νκ²°μ΄ λμ€μ§ μμ νκ΅μ μ¬λ²λΆλ₯Ό λ―Ώκ³ μ¬νμ ν΄ λ³΄μκ³ ν΄μ μ νμ μμνλλ° μ΄ μ¬ν κ²°κ³Όλ₯Ό μ΄λ»κ² μ λ¬ν μ§ κ±±μ μ΄λ€. μΌλ³Έμμλ λ²λ²μ΄ ν¨μν΄ νΌν΄κ΅μΈ νκ΅μμ μ΄λ¦¬λ μ¬νμ λ€λ₯Ό κ²μ΄λΌκ³ μκ°νμ ν λ°, μμ§ν μΌλ³Έ λ³νΈμ¬ λ³΄κΈ°κ° λΆλλ½λ€."
μ΄κ΅μΈ κΈ°μ